Fate Strikes Back: New Evidence for the Identification of the Hittite Fate Deities and Its Implications for Hieroglyphic Writing in Anatolia

Waal, Willemijn

doi:10.1086/703856

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The meaning of the Hittite verb has been explained as secondary from ‘make furrows [ 75 :492–3], but given the basal character of Anatolian it seems more attractive to see the meaning ‘carve’ as primary, and ‘make furrows’ as secondary. However, the phonetic reading of the Hittite verb as gulš - zi is challenged by Waal [ 178 ], who argues that it rather must be taken as a sumerogram. If correct, this GUL- š - zi can no longer be regarded as a continuant of an inherited root * k w els -.…”

Section: The Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages

et al. 2022

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Questions on the timing and the center of the Indo-European language dispersal are central to debates on the formation of the European and Asian linguistic landscapes and are deeply intertwined with questions on the archaeology and population history of these continents. Recent palaeogenomic studies support scenarios in which the core Indo-European languages spread with the expansion of Early Bronze Age Yamnaya herders that originally inhabited the East European steppes. Questions on the Yamnaya and Pre-Yamnaya locations of the language community that ultimately gave rise to the Indo-European language family are heavily dependent on linguistic reconstruction of the subsistence of Proto-Indo-European speakers. A central question, therefore, is how important the role of agriculture was among the speakers of this protolanguage. In this study, we perform a qualitative etymological analysis of all previously postulated Proto-Indo-European terminology related to cereal cultivation and cereal processing. On the basis of the evolution of the subsistence strategies of consecutive stages of the protolanguage, we find that one or perhaps two cereal terms can be reconstructed for the basal Indo-European stage, also known as Indo-Anatolian, but that core Indo-European, here also including Tocharian, acquired a more elaborate set of terms. Thus, we linguistically document an important economic shift from a mostly non-agricultural to a mixed agro-pastoral economy between the basal and core Indo-European speech communities. It follows that the early, eastern Yamnaya of the Don-Volga steppe, with its lack of evidence for agricultural practices, does not offer a perfect archaeological proxy for the core Indo-European language community and that this stage of the language family more likely reflects a mixed subsistence as proposed for western Yamnaya groups around or to the west of the Dnieper River.

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Section: The Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages

et al. 2022

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“…Güterbock 1939;Bossert 1958;Dincol-Dincol 2002: 210;Waal 2011. Note that recently new evidence has come to light to support this latter view (Waal 2019b). 17…”

Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 89%

Distorted Reflections? Writing in the Late Bronze Aegean in the Mirror of Anatolia

Waal¹,

Dillo²

2021

Linguistic and Cultural Interactions Between Greece and Anatolia

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Archaeological evidence shows that contacts between the two regions existed from at least the Neolithic period onwards. The most eloquent demonstration hereof are probably the clay stamps, or pintaderas as they are often called. Clay stamps from Neolithic sites in Central Europe, the Balkans, northern Greece, and Anatolia as well as seals and stamps from Early Bronze Age sites in the Aegean, Anatolia, and the Near East show some striking similarities. They share the same motifs and designs (notably zig-zags, spirals, and concentric circles) and shapes, such as the foot-shaped amulets that are found in all regions (Makkay 1984;Younger 1987 Younger [revised 2009]; Skeates 2007).Contacts continued in the Middle Bronze Age, and are especially well attested for the Late Bronze Age, the period which is the focus of this research. Archaeological evidence shows that there were well-established relations between the Aegean and western Anatolia (see e.g., Beckman e.a. 2011: 267-268, Cline 2014: 70-72, Niemeier 2008). Archaeological confirmation for contacts between the Aegean and central Anatolia is less evident, but not absent: there are incidental finds of Mycenaean objects in the Hittite capital Ḫattuša/Boğazköy and of Hittite objects in the Aegean.2 Further, the painted plaster remains discovered in Ḫattuša show links to Mycenaean paintings with respect to their iconography as well as the techniques used (Brysbaert 2008: 102; Müller-Karpe 2003: 392-393). Thaler ( 2007) has pointed out the architectural parallels between Hattuša and Mycenae, and Blackwell (2014) has convincingly argued that the Lion Gate of Mycenae was probably made by Hittite tools and techniques. This all implies the exchange of knowledge and experts.The most overwhelming evidence for contact, however, comes from the clay tablets found in Ḫattuša. Some 30 texts mention the Aḫḫiyawa, which are to be identified with the Mycenaean Greeks (see recently Beckman e.a. 2011). The texts confirm the Mycenaean presence in West Anatolia and reveal that diplomatic contacts between the Hittite king and the king of Aḫḫiyawa existed. This king of Aḫḫiyawa, whose name is not preserved, is called 'Great King' by the Hittite king, a title which was reserved for the rulers of the great powers of that time.

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“…11'). Significant is also the presence here of the "propitious day" (noted above) as well as the gul-šdeities, who are associated with fate (Waal 2014;. Notably, a similar constellation of numina occurs in KUB 10.81 that also includes the na₄ ḫekurprecinct of the deity, an institution that has often been associated with the royal mortuary cult (Singer 2009, 169-70).…”

Section: ' D]a-pí-uš-ma ḫAr-na-an-ta-aš-ši-iš [ 8'mentioning

confidence: 91%

Theonyms, Panthea and Syncretisms in Hittite Anatolia and Northern Syria

2023

Studia Asiana

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The topic of the Anatolian panthea in the Bronze Age deals with Hattian, Hittite, Palaean, Luwian and Hurrian gods who have been worshiped in the Kingdom of Ḫatti. In such a context, along with trying to keep a balanced and methodologically-aware approach in our original research, we realized that a multi-authored work such as the present volume, with papers written by some of the major experts of Anatolian religious history, would represent an invaluable contribution to the advancement of a complex and vast field. This collection of essays is the result of the workshop Theonyms, Panthea and Syncretisms in Hittite Anatolia and Northern Syria, held at the University of Verona on 25th and 26th March 2022. Colleagues with different areas of expertise pertaining to the topic of Anatolian religions contributed to an extremely successful event.

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Fate Strikes Back: New Evidence for the Identification of the Hittite Fate Deities and Its Implications for Hieroglyphic Writing in Anatolia

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages

Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages

Distorted Reflections? Writing in the Late Bronze Aegean in the Mirror of Anatolia

Theonyms, Panthea and Syncretisms in Hittite Anatolia and Northern Syria

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