Fates and transport of PPCPs in soil receiving reclaimed water irrigation

Abstract

h i g h l i g h t sBehaviors of 9 PPCPs in soil were evaluated by model validated with field data. Accumulation of PCPPs in the top 20 cm soil layer varied from <1 to about 140 ng g À1 . Extent that PPCPs were being transported downward by the drainage water was minor. Accumulation and leaching of PPCPs were highly dependent on the chemical nature. Normal reclaimed water irrigation did not appear to produce undue ecological risks. a r t i c l e i n f o t r a c tFates and transport of 9 commonly found PPCPs of the reclaimed water were simulated based on the HYDRUS-1D software that was validated with data generated from field experiments. Under the default scenario in which the model parameters and input data represented the typical conditions of turf grass irrigation in southern California, the adsorption, degradation, and volatilization of clofibric acid, ibuprofen, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, naproxen, triclosan, diclofenac sodium, bisphenol A and estrone in the receiving soils were tracked for 10 years. At the end, their accumulations in the 90 cm soil profile varied from less than 1 ng g À1 to about 140 ng g À1 and their concentrations in the drainage water in the 90 cm soil depth varied from nil to lg L À1 levels. The adsorption and microbial degradation processes interacted to contain the PPCPs entirely within surface 40 cm of the soil profiles. Leaching and volatilization were not significant processes governing the PPCPs in the soils. The extent of accumulations in the soils did not appear to produce undue ecological risks to the soil biota. PPCPs did not represent any potential environmental harm in reclaimed water irrigation.

Risk assessment of persistent pharmaceuticals in biosolids: Dealing with uncertainty

“…While naproxen was reported to be absent from soil after three years of application [21], a fraction of triclosan used to remain in soil after biosolids application [73], and even in some soil studies poor or no dissipation was obtained [22,74]. The fate of naproxen and triclosan in soil was analysed by Chen et al [75] in a water irrigation scenario. Triclosan and naproxen were accumulated in soil at higher levels.…”

The Fate and Impact of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Agricultural Soils Irrigated With Reclaimed Water

“…These two processes are responsible for the fate of approximately 27~98% and 0~70% of the total mass of introduced PPCPs in sandy loam soil, respectively, according to the estimation of Chen et al 24 Various information indicates that dissipation of PPCP compounds from soil to other media mainly occur through aqueous translocation and food chain scatter. 29 …”

“…PPCPs mostly exist in surface soil (0~30 cm), 2, 25 and their concentrations vary with irrigation seasons. 24 The fate and behaviors of these emergent contaminants in soil are complicated and unclear. A certain quantity of PPCPs discharged into soil through reclaimed water irrigation can be degraded or depleted in a short time through sorption, hydrolysis, photolysis, biodegradation, and mineralization.…”

UVA- and visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity of three-layer perovskite Dion-Jacobson phase CsBa2M3O10 (M=Ta, Nb) and oxynitride crystals in the removal of caffeine from model wastewater

“…Lately, drugs, nutraceuticals, supplements, and also cosmetics have been noticed in surface waters [1,2]. The main sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment are human consumption and excretion [3][4][5]. Their presence in surface waters is directly connected with insufficient removal during wastewater treatment (WWT) process.…”