The impact of father absence on early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy was investigated in longitudinal studies in the United States (N = 242) and New Zealand (N = 520), in which community samples of girls were followed prospectively from early in life (5 years) to approximately age 18. Greater exposure to father absence was strongly associated with elevated risk for early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. This elevated risk was either not explained (in the U.S. study) or only partly explained (in the New Zealand study) by familial, ecological, and personal disadvantages associated with father absence. After controlling for covariates, there was stronger and more consistent evidence of effects of father absence on early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy than on other behavioral or mental health problems or academic achievement Effects of father absence are discussed in terms of life-course adversity, evolutionary psychology, social learning, and behavior genetic models.In modern Western societies, adolescent girls face a biosocial dilemma. On the one hand, the biological capacity to reproduce ordinarily develops in early adolescence; on the other hand, girls who realize this capacity before adulthood often experience a variety of negative life outcomes. Specifically, adolescent childbearing is associated with lower educational and occupational attainment, more mental and physical health problems, inadequate social support networks for parenting, and increased risk of abuse and neglect for children born to teen mothers (e.g., Furstenberg, Brooks-Gunn, & Chase-Lansdale, 1989;Konner & Shostak, 1986;Woodward & Fergusson, 1999). Despite these consequences, the United States and New Zealand have the first and second highest rates of teenage pregnancy among Western Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Bruce Ellis, Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand. bruce.ellis@canterbury.ac.nz.
NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptChild Dev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 October 20.
Published in final edited form as:Child Dev. 2003 ; 74(3): 801-821.
NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript industrialized countries. Approximately 10% of girls in the United States and 7% of girls in New Zealand between the ages of 15 and 19 years become pregnant each year, with around half of these pregnancies culminating in a live birth (Cheesbrough, Ingham, & Massey, 1999;Dickson, Sporle, Rimene, & Paul, 2000). Given these costs to adolescents and their children, it is critical to identify life experiences and pathways that place girls at increased risk for early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy.Many studies have identified the absence of the biological father from the home as a major risk factor for both early sexual activity (e.g., Day, 1992;Kiernan & Hobcraft, 1997;Newcomber & Udry, 1987) and teenage pregnancy (e.g., Geronimus & Korenman, 1992;Hogan & Kitagawa, 1985;McLanahan, 1999). This f...