Fatigue Behavior of Elastomeric Components: A Review of the Key Factors of Rubber Formulation, Manufacturing, and Service Conditions

Gehling, Tobias; Schieppati, Jacopo; Balasooriya, Winoj; Kerschbaumer, Roman Christopher; Pinter, Gerald

doi:10.1080/15583724.2023.2166955

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 167 publications

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“…In the work of Huneau et al [23] devoted to the analysis of the fatigue crack initiation in a carbon black-filled natural rubber, it is shown that the crack initiation mechanism around CB agglomerates involves a debonding at the polymer-filler interface, thus reflecting the strong internal cohesion of the agglomerates. Gehling et al [24] very recently provided a general overview on the fatigue behavior of elastomeric components and analyzed the key factors able to affect the crack growth behavior. Besides the configuration of the filler particles, their dispersion and distribution in the elastomeric matrix, the authors pointed out the important role of the strain-induced crystallization phenomenon that increases the resistance to crack growth.…”

Section: Nanospherical Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastomer Nanocomposites: Effect of Filler–Matrix and Filler–Filler Interactions

Bokobza

2023

Polymers

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The reinforcement of elastomers is essential in the rubber industry in order to obtain the properties required for commercial applications. The addition of active fillers in an elastomer usually leads to an improvement in the mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus and the rupture properties. Filled rubbers are also characterized by two specific behaviors related to energy dissipation known as the Payne and the Mullins effects. The Payne effect is related to non-linear viscoelastic behavior of the storage modulus while the Mullins or stress-softening effect is characterized by a lowering in the stress when the vulcanizate is extended a second time. Both effects are shown to strongly depend on the interfacial adhesion and filler dispersion. The basic mechanisms of reinforcement are first discussed in the case of conventional rubber composites filled with carbon black or silica usually present in the host matrix in the form of aggregates and agglomerates. The use of nanoscale fillers with isotropic or anisotropic morphologies is expected to yield much more improvement than that imparted by micron-scale fillers owing to the very large polymer–filler interface. This work reports some results obtained with three types of nanoparticles that can reinforce rubbery matrices: spherical, rod-shaped and layered fillers. Each type of particle is shown to impart to the host medium a specific reinforcement on account of its own structure and geometry. The novelty of this work is to emphasize the particular mechanical behavior of some systems filled with nanospherical particles such as in situ silica-filled poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks that display a strong polymer–filler interface and whose mechanical response is typical of double network elastomers. Additionally, the potential of carbon dots as a reinforcing filler for elastomeric materials is highlighted. Different results are reported on the reinforcement imparted by carbon nanotubes and graphenic materials that is far below their expected capability despite the development of various techniques intended to reduce particle aggregation and improve interfacial bonding with the host matrix.

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Section: Nanospherical Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastomer Nanocomposites: Effect of Filler–Matrix and Filler–Filler Interactions

Bokobza

2023

Polymers

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“…The effective cross-linking density (ECD) affects significantly the macroscopic mechanical performances of elastomers and depends on the type and nature of the cross-links, for example, sulfur, peroxide or metal oxides. 2 Organic peroxides are often used for the vulcanization of saturated elastomers such as ethylene propylene. Furthermore, the good stability of carbon-carbon cross-links enhances the heat resistance of the peroxide cross-linked elastomers when suitable antioxidants are included.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Among their many phenomenological aspects, it is expected that a critical crosslinking content has to be determined above which degradation of their mechanical properties can occur. 2 Among those materials elastomers filled by nanoparticles, for example, carbon black (CB), graphene, carbon nanotubes are one of the most promising nanostructured materials for a number of targeted applications, due to a number of outstanding material properties that include viscosity reduction and mechanical enhancement of the matrix. 4,5 However, an optimum content of spherical nano-fillers should be found in order to ensure a good dispersion throughout the elastomer matrix without undesirable large particle agglomerates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Hyperelastic filled elastomers opened up a completely new avenue for creating nanomaterials with structural parameters that are expected to find novel applications in fields such artificial muscles. 2 Typically, hyperelasticity characterizes the ability to a given material to deform up to 1000% under small mechanical load and to return to its initial state once the load is released. Entropy decrease during deformation at temperature above the glass transition temperature along with distortion and conformation change of mobile polymer chains to form its most probable conformation provides a general understanding of this phenomenon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing robustness of hyperelastic models for describing nonlinearity of the mechanical response for pristine and swollen carbon black filled elastomers

Boulman,

Mdarhri,

Nezili

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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We consider the hyperelastic response of semi‐crystalline ethylene–co‐butyl acrylate (EBA) samples filled with carbon black (CB) particles. Such material is structurally complex with its microstructure being characterized by many structural parameters including crosslink density, filler/matrix interfaces, crystallinity, filler network, and chain entanglement which have different degrees of influence on the effective mechanical properties. We evaluate the ability of a number of analytical models to correctly reproduce the non‐linear elastic mechanical response of these samples. We do this by considering either dry samples, or samples which are swollen by a non‐polar solvent (toluene) at equilibrium, and subjected to uniaxial tension at room temperature. As test cases, we focus on six physical models for the purpose of analyzing the stress–strain curves of samples with different cross‐linking densities. Among these frameworks, we show that the Mooney–Rivlin (MR), Ogden, and eight‐chain models accurately describe the stress–strain curves of both dry and swollen CB‐EBA samples. These findings highlight the possibility of attaining a diverse set of mechanical properties of filled polymer samples by tailoring their structural parameters.

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“…The reinforcing capability of SIC also substantially contributes to enhancing the tear strength and suppressing the catastrophic crack growth. [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ] In general, the strain near a crack tip in rubber is markedly non‐uniform, while it steeply increases with approaching the crack tip. [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ] In proximity to the crack tip of NR, the localized strain intensifies sufficiently to trigger SIC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling Non‐Uniform Strain‐Induced Crystallization Near a Crack Tip in Natural Rubber

Mai,

Yasui,

Tanaka

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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Strain‐induced crystallization (SIC) in natural rubber (NR) near crack tips significantly enhances crack growth resistance, but understanding the interplay between local strain field and crystallization remains challenging due to confined and heterogeneous characteristics. Using micro‐scale digital image correlation (DIC) and scanning wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD, with a narrow 10 µm square beam), this study maps local strain tensor properties and SIC in the vicinity of the crack tip and its peripheral zone (≈3 mm × 1 mm area). The analysis reveals a significant correlation between these properties. In the peripheral zone, there is a noticeable deviation of both the principal strain axis and the crystal orientation from the crack opening direction. These deviations are linearly correlated, which indicates that shear strain plays a significant role in determining the crystal orientation. Crucially, the maximum tensile component in the tensor of local principal strains predominantly dictates local crystallinity. This simplicity is attributed to the limited variation in types of deformation within the SIC region, with corresponding to deformations falling between planar and uniaxial stretching. These findings pave the way for predicting crystallinity distribution using solely strain field data, offering valuable insights into the role of SIC in enhancing the crack growth resistance of NR.

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Fatigue Behavior of Elastomeric Components: A Review of the Key Factors of Rubber Formulation, Manufacturing, and Service Conditions

Cited by 12 publications

References 167 publications

Elastomer Nanocomposites: Effect of Filler–Matrix and Filler–Filler Interactions

Elastomer Nanocomposites: Effect of Filler–Matrix and Filler–Filler Interactions

Assessing robustness of hyperelastic models for describing nonlinearity of the mechanical response for pristine and swollen carbon black filled elastomers

Unraveling Non‐Uniform Strain‐Induced Crystallization Near a Crack Tip in Natural Rubber

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