“…As one of the main rupture modes, many articles have been published concerning fatigue strength, fatigue crack growth behavior, fatigue life evaluation, etc. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In engineering applications, components typically undergo random loading during the service period; thus, studies on fatigue life prediction under axial random loading have attracted attention over the past several decades. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Generally, fatigue life evaluation under random amplitude loading can be achieved using cycle counting methods such as the level crossing method (LCM), 16 three-point method (TPM), 16 and rain-flow method (RFM), 17 by transforming irregular loading waveforms into regular loading patterns and by calculating fatigue damage via a cumulative fatigue damage rule such as the Palmgren-Miner rule (also called liner cumulative fatigue damage rule, LDR) 18,19 based on S-N or ε-N curves.…”