This work presents
a strategy to augment the bioactivity of a new-generation
metastable β-Ti–Nb–Sn alloy through surface severe
plastic deformation. Foremost, the alloy was strengthened by precipitation
of α phase using a well-designed thermo-mechanical processing
route. Subsequently, the surface of the aged alloy was subjected to
severe plastic deformation via surface mechanical attrition treatment
(SMAT). Upon SMAT, a unique phenomenon of strain-induced precipitate
coarsening was observed. A possible mechanism is proposed wherein
the precipitates first dissolve due to significant slip transfer across
the α/β-interface followed by reprecipitation along the
other precipitates thereby leading to coarsening. Coarsening of the
precipitates abrogated the strengthening caused by plastic deformation
as a result of which the hardness did not increase significantly after
SMAT in sharp contrast to other alloys. SMAT led to a decrease in
the attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells because of an increase
in the roughness-mediated surface hydrophobicity. On the other hand,
an increase in the roughness led to the formation of more number of
focal adhesions. This in turn enhanced the proliferation rate and
more importantly, osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Detailed
investigation into the underlying mechanism revealed that an increase
in focal adhesions activated the Akt-mediated mechano-transduction
signaling pathway that enhanced the osteogenic differentiation. In
summary, the potential of surface severe plastic deformation to impart
bioactivity to the next-generation of orthopedic β-Ti alloys
is underscored in this work.