Fatness leads to inactivity, but inactivity does not lead to fatness: a longitudinal study in children (EarlyBird 45)

Metcalf, Brad; Hosking, Joanne; Jeffery, Alison N.; Voss, Linda D; Henley, William; Wilkin, Terence J.

doi:10.1136/adc.2009.175927

Cited by 197 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials determined that school-based physical activity interventions did not improve BMI compared to pre-existing physical education activity, thereby suggesting that mandated increased physical activity does not have a significant effect on preventing childhood obesity (Harris et al 2009). This result is consistent with a more recent non-intervention prospective study examining children between 7 and 10 years of age suggesting that physical inactivity is the result rather than the cause of childhood obesity (Metcalf et al 2011). While many obesity interventions have focused only on behavioral change in relation to more appropriate eating and exercise habits, few interventions have taken into consideration the emerging role of obesity susceptibility genes and interaction with environmental factors.…”

Section: Preventative Lifestyle Intervention For Common Childhood Obesupporting

confidence: 87%

The genetics of childhood obesity and interaction with dietary macronutrients

et al. 2013

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The genes contributing to childhood obesity are categorized into three different types based on distinct genetic and phenotypic characteristics. These types of childhood obesity are represented by rare monogenic forms of syndromic or non-syndromic childhood obesity, and common polygenic childhood obesity. In some cases, genetic susceptibility to these forms of childhood obesity may result from different variations of the same gene. Although the prevalence for rare monogenic forms of childhood obesity has not increased in recent times, the prevalence of common childhood obesity has increased in the United States and developing countries throughout the world during the past few decades. A number of recent genome-wide association studies and mouse model studies have established the identification of susceptibility genes contributing to common childhood obesity. Accumulating evidence suggests that this type of childhood obesity represents a complex metabolic disease resulting from an interaction with environmental factors, including dietary macronutrients. The objective of this article is to provide a review on the origins, mechanisms, and health consequences of obesity susceptibility genes and interaction with dietary macronutrients that predispose to childhood obesity. It is proposed that increased knowledge of these obesity susceptibility genes and interaction with dietary macronutrients will provide valuable insight for individual, family, and community preventative lifestyle intervention, and eventually targeted nutritional and medicinal therapies.

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Section: Preventative Lifestyle Intervention For Common Childhood Obesupporting

confidence: 87%

The genetics of childhood obesity and interaction with dietary macronutrients

et al. 2013

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“…However, recently this assumption has been challenged and some have suggested that physical activity at baseline is unrelated to weight gain at follow-up, but that the converse was true, since greater adiposity levels at baseline was significantly related to lower levels of physical activity or an increased risk of becoming sedentary at follow-up, suggesting reverse causality (35,51,52) . Kwon et al (51) examined the associations between objectively measured time in MVPA by accelerometry, with gain in fat mass in 326 US children, in which objectively measured physical activity and fat mass was available at three time points.…”

Section: Proceedings Of the Nutrition Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity, sedentary time and adiposity during the first two decades of life

2014

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High amounts of time spent sedentary and low levels of physical activity have been implicated in the process of excessive adiposity gains in youth. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of physical activity, sedentary time and behaviour (i.e. television (TV)-viewing) in relation to adiposity during the first two decades of life with a specific focus on whether the association between sedentary time, and behaviour and adiposity is independent of physical activity. We identified nine cohort studies (three prospective) whether sedentary time was associated with adiposity independent of physical activity. Eight of these studies suggested that sedentary time was unrelated to adiposity when physical activity was taken into account. Results from studies (n 8) examining the independent association between TV-viewing and adiposity independent of physical activity were mixed. Those that observed a positive association between TV-viewing and adiposity independent of physical activity discussed that the association may be due to residual confounding. A few additional studies have also challenged the general notion that low levels of physical activity leads to fatness and suggested that higher baseline fatness may be predictive of a decline in physical activity. It appears unlikely that higher levels of sedentary time are associated with or predictive of, higher levels of adiposity when physical activity is controlled for in youth. Specific sedentary behaviours such as TV-viewing may be associated with adiposity independent of physical activity but the results may be explained by residual confounding. Adolescents: Children: Obesity: Physical activity: Sedentary behaviourGlobal data suggest that overweight and obesity affects almost every nation and every age group in the world with an almost doubling of obesity rates during the last 20 years (1) . The obesity epidemic also affects infants, children and adolescents. Despite some recent reports suggesting a levelling off of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people (2,3) , childhood obesity rates have reached alarming proportions even in developing countries (4) . Obesity is multifactorial including genetic, pre-and post-natal factors, physiological, cultural, environmental, lifestyle and socio-economic factors, possibly acting differentially on the development of unhealthy weight gain and obesity throughout the life course. The main contributor to the recent obesity epidemic is most likely an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Physical activity is the most variable component of total energy expenditure and recent reports suggest that approximately 30-40 % of young people are physically active according to public health recommendations when assessed by selfreport (5,6) . However, studies using direct measures of physical activity by accelerometry are extremely divergent with prevalence values for sufficiently active young people varying between 1 and 100 % depending on the definition of moderate-and vigorous-intensity physical activi...

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“…The most recent studies involve continuous monitoring of movement with accelerometers, allowing detailed analysis of both total and intensity of activity throughout the day, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures of fatness. Two UK longitudinal studies have used these approaches: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a large birth cohort study that has reported on 12-to 14-year-old children (93 -95) ; and the smaller EarlyBird prospective cohort study of 5-to 10-year-olds (96,97) .…”

Section: Direct Evidence Of Physical Activity -Weight Gain Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What was shown, however, was that the higher activity was associated with an improved metabolic score (insulin resistance, TAG, cholesterol:HDL ratio and blood pressure). In a subsequent analysis of the cohort (n 202) between the ages of 7 and 10 years (97) both total and MVPA and body fat (percentage body weight) were measured annually. Although cross-sectional analyses of either total physical activity or MVPA with fatness showed inverse relationships at each age and when time-lagged by^1, 2 and 3 years, when the direction of these relationships was examined in terms of the change in either physical activity or fatness as outcomes, regressed against the other variable as predictor, percentage body fat emerged as the significant negative predictor of the change in physical activity (especially MVPA), not the other way round.…”

Section: Direct Evidence Of Physical Activity -Weight Gain Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy balance and obesity: a UK perspective on the gluttonyv.sloth debate

Millward

2013

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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Obesity in the UK was assumed to have developed against a population decline in physical activity, with health messages focused on diet and exercise prevention strategies. Doubly-labelled water (DLW) studies of energy expenditure have indicated the alternative scenario that the increased obesity prevalence reflects excessive food energy intake with physical activity levels unchanged. This analysis is questionable, deriving in part from a weakness of the DLW methodology in identifying changing physical activity levels within populations of increasing body weight. This has resulted in an underestimation of the reduction in physical activity in the overweight and obese, as revealed by direct studies of such behaviour. Furthermore, a close examination of food energy supply, household food purchases and individual food energy consumption since 1955, in relation to likely estimates of current intakes indicated by simple modelling of predicted energy expenditure, identifies: (a) food energy supply as markedly overestimating energy intakes; (b) individual food energy consumption as markedly underestimating energy intakes; and (c) household food purchase data as the closest match to predicted current food energy intakes. Energy intakes indicated by this latter method have fallen by between 20 to 30 %, suggesting comparable falls in physical activity. Although unequivocal evidence for a matching UK trend in falling physical activity is limited, as is evidence that obesity follows reductions in physical activity, such a link has been recently suggested in a large prospective study in adolescents. Thus, for the UK, obesity has developed within a 'move less-eat somewhat less but still too much' scenario. A focus on both diet and exercise should remain the appropriate public health policy.

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Fatness leads to inactivity, but inactivity does not lead to fatness: a longitudinal study in children (EarlyBird 45)

Cited by 197 publications

References 31 publications

The genetics of childhood obesity and interaction with dietary macronutrients

The genetics of childhood obesity and interaction with dietary macronutrients

Physical activity, sedentary time and adiposity during the first two decades of life

Energy balance and obesity: a UK perspective on the gluttonyv.sloth debate

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