Fatty Acid Desaturases, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation, and Biotechnological Advances

Lee, Je Min; Lee, Hyungjae; Kang, SeokBeom; Park, Woo Jung

doi:10.3390/nu8010023

Cited by 310 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…S1 (chemical structures), FAs as well as the lipid metabolites analyzed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS are shown. Figure 1 depicts both conventional and alternative biosynthetic pathways of PUFAs in eukaryotes383940 including a proposed pathway for the production of JuA in gymnosperms41 ( vide infra ). Sequence comparisons of the major enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of AA and/or degradation of ECs did not provide informative molecular phylogenetic relationships (Supplementary Excel File S1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted metabolomics shows plasticity in the evolution of signaling lipids and uncovers old and new endocannabinoids in the plant kingdom

Gachet

Schubert

Calarco

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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The remarkable absence of arachidonic acid (AA) in seed plants prompted us to systematically study the presence of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, stearic acid, oleic acid, jasmonic acid (JA), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and endocannabinoids (ECs) in 71 plant species representative of major phylogenetic clades. Given the difficulty of extrapolating information about lipid metabolites from genetic data we employed targeted metabolomics using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS to study these signaling lipids in plant evolution. Intriguingly, the distribution of AA among the clades showed an inverse correlation with JA which was less present in algae, bryophytes and monilophytes. Conversely, ECs co-occurred with AA in algae and in the lower plants (bryophytes and monilophytes), thus prior to the evolution of cannabinoid receptors in Animalia. We identified two novel EC-like molecules derived from the eicosatetraenoic acid juniperonic acid, an omega-3 structural isomer of AA, namely juniperoyl ethanolamide and 2-juniperoyl glycerol in gymnosperms, lycophytes and few monilophytes. Principal component analysis of the targeted metabolic profiles suggested that distinct NAEs may occur in different monophyletic taxa. This is the first report on the molecular phylogenetic distribution of apparently ancient lipids in the plant kingdom, indicating biosynthetic plasticity and potential physiological roles of EC-like lipids in plants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted metabolomics shows plasticity in the evolution of signaling lipids and uncovers old and new endocannabinoids in the plant kingdom

Gachet

Schubert

Calarco

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Endogenous biosynthesis of EPA and DHA from ALA requires several desaturation and elongation reactions, with Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases playing key roles. Fatty acid desaturase (Fads) gene clusters encode for enzymes that are critical for the synthesis and regulation of n‐3 PUFA (Lee, Lee, Kang, & Park, ). Missotten, De Smet, Raes, and Doran () reported that n‐3 PUFA enriched diets may indirectly affect carcass fatty acid composition through modification of lipogenic enzyme expression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a DHA‐rich unextracted microalgae as a dietary supplement on performance, carcass traits and meat fatty acid profile in growing‐finishing pigs

Moran¹,

Morlacchini²,

Keegan

et al. 2018

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Two 125-day experiments of the same design were conducted to evaluate the effects of a heterotrophically grown microalgae (AURA) containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on pig performance, carcass traits and the fatty acid composition of lean and adipose tissue. In each experiment, 144 Hypor pigs were blocked by sex, allocated to three treatment groups, and fed 0, 0.25% or 0.50% AURA in isonutritive, isocaloric diets. Pigs were weighed on days 0, 28, 56, 84 and 112. Feed and water intakes were measured every 28 days. Pigs were slaughtered on day 125. Data from the two studies were analysed as a single data set. Performance and carcass traits did not differ between treatments. Both microalgae treatment levels enriched (p < .05) Longissimus lumborum (LL) and backfat in DHA and improved (p < .05) their ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids.

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“…These results further evidenced that the evolutionary history of genes involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways of invertebrates, particularly the Fads-like desaturases, might differ markedly from those of vertebrates [6,12,19]. Clearly, marine invertebrates emerge as promising sources of LC-PUFA biosynthetic enzymes with potentially novel functionalities amenable for biotechnological production of n–3 oils [20]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Sea Urchins: Molecular and Functional Characterisation of Three Fatty Acyl Desaturases from Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark 1816)

et al. 2017

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Sea urchins are broadly recognised as a delicacy and their quality as food for humans is highly influenced by their diet. Lipids in general and the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in particular, are essential nutrients that determine not only the nutritional value of sea urchins but also guarantee normal growth and reproduction in captivity. The contribution of endogenous production (biosynthesis) of LC-PUFA in sea urchins remained unknown. Using Paracentrotus lividus as our model species, we aimed to characterise both molecularly and functionally the repertoire of fatty acyl desaturases (Fads), key enzymes in the biosynthesis of LC-PUFA, in sea urchins. Three Fads, namely FadsA, FadsC1 and FadsC2, were characterised. The phylogenetic analyses suggested that the repertoire of Fads within the Echinodermata phylum varies among classes. On one hand, orthologues of the P. lividus FadsA were found in other echinoderm classes including starfishes, brittle stars and sea cucumbers, thus suggesting that this desaturase is virtually present in all echinoderms. Contrarily, the FadsC appears to be sea urchin-specific desaturase. Finally, a further desaturase termed as FadsB exists in starfishes, brittle stars and sea cucumbers, but appears to be missing in sea urchins. The functional characterisation of the P. lividus Fads confirmed that the FadsA was a Δ5 desaturase with activity towards saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA). Moreover, our experiments confirmed that FadsA plays a role in the biosynthesis of non-methylene interrupted FA, a group of compounds typically found in marine invertebrates. On the other hand, both FadsC desaturases from P. lividus showed Δ8 activity. The present results demonstrate that P. lividus possesses desaturases that account for all the desaturation reactions required to biosynthesis the physiological essential eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids through the so-called “Δ8 pathway”.

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Fatty Acid Desaturases, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation, and Biotechnological Advances

Cited by 310 publications

References 100 publications

Targeted metabolomics shows plasticity in the evolution of signaling lipids and uncovers old and new endocannabinoids in the plant kingdom

Targeted metabolomics shows plasticity in the evolution of signaling lipids and uncovers old and new endocannabinoids in the plant kingdom

Effects of a DHA‐rich unextracted microalgae as a dietary supplement on performance, carcass traits and meat fatty acid profile in growing‐finishing pigs

Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Sea Urchins: Molecular and Functional Characterisation of Three Fatty Acyl Desaturases from Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark 1816)

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