Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis during development

Girard, Jean; Duée, Pierre‐Henri; Ferré, Pilar; Pégorier, Jean‐Paul; Escrivá, Fernando; Decaux, Jean‐François

doi:10.1051/rnd:19850221

Cited by 44 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…1. acid oxidation by fetal tissues (21,23). Immediately after birth, the maternal supply of substrates ceases abruptly, and the newborn must withstand a brief period of starvation before being fed at intervals with milk that is high in fat and low in carbohydrate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of genes participating in regulation of fatty acid and glucose utilization and energy metabolism in developing rat hearts

Lavrentyev

Cook

2004

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Lavrentyev, Eduard N., Daifen He, and George A. Cook. Expression of genes participating in regulation of fatty acid and glucose utilization and energy metabolism in developing rat hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287: H2035-H2042, 2004. First published June 24, 2004 doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00372.2004.-The heart is a unique organ that can use several fuels for energy production. During development, the heart undergoes changes in fuel supply, and it must be able to respond to these changes. We have examined changes in the expression of several genes that regulate fuel transport and metabolism in rat hearts during early development. At birth, there was increased expression of fatty acid transporters and enzymes of fatty acid metabolism that allow fatty acids to become the major source of energy for cardiac muscle during the first 2 wk of life. At the same time, expression of genes that control glucose transport and oxidation was downregulated. After 2 wk, expression of genes for glucose uptake and oxidation was increased, and expression of genes for fatty acid uptake and utilization was decreased. Expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) isoforms during development was different from published data obtained from rabbit hearts. CPT I␣ and I␤ isoforms were both highly expressed in hearts before birth, and both increased further at birth. Only after the second week did CPT I␣ expression decrease appreciably below the level of CPT I␤ expression. These results represent another example of different expression patterns of CPT I isoforms among various mammalian species. In rats, changes in gene expression followed nutrient availability during development and may render cardiac fatty acid oxidation less sensitive to factors that influence malonyl-CoA content (e.g., fluctuations in glucose concentration) and thereby favor fatty acid oxidation as an energy source for cardiomyocytes in early development. carnitine palmitoyltransferase; oxidation; translocase; acetyl-CoA

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of genes participating in regulation of fatty acid and glucose utilization and energy metabolism in developing rat hearts

Lavrentyev

Cook

2004

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…Thus, the developmental pattern in hepatic carnitine is unlikely to be explained by a change in dietary lipids. Because hepatic carnitine is known to respond acutely to other ketogenic stresses, we speculate that the newborn changes are part of the adaptive and functional response to the lack of glucose availability (2,5,13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is evidence that glucagon and insulin act as regulatory signals of hepatic fatty acid oxidation (2,13). Exogenous and endogenous (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

Enterohepatic Distribution of Carnitine in Developing Piglets: Relation to Glucagon and Insulin

et al. 1992

Pediatr Res

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ABSTRACT. ~Xarnitine plays a crucial role in the perinatal transition from carbohydrate to lipid-derived energy. To examine the potential contribution of assimilated dietary carnitine to the elevated hepatic concentrations in newborns, we measured carnitine concentrations in sow milk, jejunum, and liver, and in vitro jejunal carnitine transport in piglets aged 1-36 d. Hepatic and sow milk total carnitine concentrations peaked soon after birth and declined with age ( p = 0.035 and 0.026, respectively).Although jejunal total carnitine concentrations remained stable, jejunal carnitine flux was higher at 2 d of age than in older piglets. To examine the possible signals that regulate hepatic carnitine, portal enteroinsular hormones were measured by RIA. Portal glucagon ( p = 0.0006), insulin ( p = 0.0001), and g1ucagon:insulin ratio ( p = 0.037) were related to age. Portal glucagon was highest in newborns and during weaning, whereas insulin increased progressively with age; the portal g1ucagon:insulin ratio, like hepatic carnitine, peaked soon after birth and fell with age. A multiple regression analysis indicated a positive association between glucagon and hepatic carnitine and a negative one between insulin and hepatic carnitine (R = 0.802, p = 0.001). An overall pattern of elevated dietary carnitine levels and increased small intestinal absorption and hepatic accumulation of carnitine is noted in early development. The finding of a similar pattern in glucagon-to-insulin ratio suggests that both hormones may participate in the regulation of enterohepatic carnitine distribution in newborns. (Pediatr Res 32: 312-316,1992) Abbreviations PEG, polyethylene glycol SCAC, short-chain acylcarnitine ANOVA, analysis of variance NB, newborn group S, suckling group W, weaning group FW, fully weaned group plays a critical role in the metabolic transition from carbohydrate to lipid-derived energy (2, 3) because hepatic glycogen stores become rapidly depleted and endogenous gluconeogenesis is inadequate in the first 24 h of life (4, 5). As such, carnitine insufficiency has been shown to impair lipid utilization in premature newborns (6, 7). The human newborn is especially susceptible to develop carnitine insufficiency because of low levels in premature infants (8), inadequate dietary intake of carnitine (9), and insufficient endogenous synthesis (10).One marker of the switch from glucose to lipid utilization in the newborn is the increase in hepatic carnitine concentrations compared with the fetus (4). In newborn rats, the Cfold rise in hepatic carnitine has been shown to coincide with enhanced ketone production. Although the origin of hepatic carnitine in newborns has not been fully established, because endogenous synthesis is limited, dietary sources appear to be important. Human and rat milk carnitine concentrations peaked in the first few days after parturition (4, 1 1). In 5-d-old rats, the contribution of milk carnitine to heart (41%) and liver (49%) carnitine stores was substantial (12). We hypothesized that intestinal a...

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“…In most sucking animals fatty acid levels in blood are higher and fatty acid utilization is better during suckling than before birth or after weaning (32)(33)(34). Carnitine is known to enhance glycerol release from subcutaneous adipose tissue fragments taken from newborns (35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnitine during Prolonged Breast Feeding

et al. 1986

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MATERIALS AND METHODSduring the first weeks after delivery (17,18). Hence, because of possibly insufficient carnitine synthesis, solely breast-fed infants may develop reduced serum carnitine levels during the first months of life.In the present study we measured carnitine concentrations from the serum of solely breast-fed infants and their lactating mothers during the first year after delivery. In addition, we measured carnitine levels in breast milk and calculated the intake of camitine during prolonged sole breast feeding.Subjects. The subjects of this study are a subgroup from a follow-up study of 200 infant-mother pairs (19). The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, and is in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.We studied 37 infants, 24 girls and 13 boys, born to healthy, nonsmoking mothers without pregnancy complications. Three infants were delivered by cesarean section, the others through the vaginal route. All infants were born at term (37-42 wk of gestation) and their birth weights were appropriate for the gestational ages. All infants had normal Apgar scores of 7 to 10 at 1 min of age. The mean birth weight was 3369 g (range 2740-4040 g), and the mean birth length was 49.7 cm (range 47-51 cm).Feeding of infants. All 37 mothers were encouraged to feed their infants solely from the breasts. The number of solely breastfed infants was 31 at 2 months of age, 28 at 6 months, 7 at 9 months, and none at 12 months. The mean protein concentration of breast milk decreased from 13 to 8 g/liter whereas the mean fat concentration increased from 26 to 40 g/Iiter during lactation (19). All lactating mothers received supplementary iron and vitamins. Formula and solid food were started when there was not enough breast milk. The formula (Tutteli by Valio, Finnish Co-operative Dairy's Association, Helsinki, Finland) conformed to the FAOjWHO recommendations and contained 16 g/liter of protein (of which 60% whey), 35 g/liter fat (polyunsaturated/saturated ratio 0.33), and 73 g/liter lactose, corresponding to the lactose concentration of breast milk. The total carnitine concentration of the formula was 204 JLmol/liter. Beginning from the age of 3 months, the infants received solid food which consisted of fruits and vegetables. Cereals and meat were added at the age of 5 months. The formula was replaced with cow's milk at the age of 9 months.Follow-up. All infants were examined and their weight, length, and skinfold thickness measured every 1-2 months during the first year oflife at the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki (19). Except for mild upper respiratory infections, otitis media, and diarrhea, the infants were healthy. After the age of 3 months the solely breast-fed infants grew slower and had more subcutaneous fat than the weaned infants (19).Blood and milk samples. A sample from mixed cord blood was taken at birth whereas the first blood sample from the mother was taken on the 3rd or 4th day after delivery. Peripheral venous samples of 5 ...

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Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis during development

Abstract: Introduction.

Cited by 44 publications

References 94 publications

Expression of genes participating in regulation of fatty acid and glucose utilization and energy metabolism in developing rat hearts

Expression of genes participating in regulation of fatty acid and glucose utilization and energy metabolism in developing rat hearts

Enterohepatic Distribution of Carnitine in Developing Piglets: Relation to Glucagon and Insulin

Carnitine during Prolonged Breast Feeding

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