Fatty Acid Profile, Tocopherol Content of Seed Oil, and Nutritional Analysis of Seed Cake of Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima L.), an Underutilized Fruit-Yielding Tree Species

Lamani, Shrinivas; Anu-Appaiah, K A; Murthy, Hosakatte Niranjana; Dewir, Yaser Hassan; Rihan, Hail Z.

doi:10.3390/horticulturae7090275

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Wood apple fruits are considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants and seed oil [24,25]. In earlier communication, we reported the fatty acid profile, and tocopherol content of the seed oil, and nutritional analysis of the seed cake of wood apple [25]. However, the composition of fatty acids, free sugars, and organic acids of wood apple fruit pulp is not yet reported.…”

Section: Sample Collection and Separationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Fruits are also used as a stomachic, stimulant, astringent, aphrodisiac, diuretic, cardiotonic, tonic to liver and lungs, a cure for coughs, hiccups, asthma, leucorrhoea, diarrhea, and also for wound healing activity [23]. Wood apple fruits are considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants and seed oil [24,25]. In earlier communication, we reported the fatty acid profile, and tocopherol content of the seed oil, and nutritional analysis of the seed cake of wood apple [25].…”

Section: Sample Collection and Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima L.) Fruit Pulp

et al. 2022

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Wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.) is an underutilized, fruit-yielding tree that is native to India and Sri Lanka. Wood apple trees are also cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Laos, and Indonesia for delicious fruits and medicinal purposes. The major objective of the present work was the analysis of the nutritional status of wood apple fruit pulp.The fruits are rich in total carbohydrates (24.74 ± 0.19%), total proteins (9.30 ± 0.16%), oil (0.99 ± 0.01%), fiber (3.32 ± 0.02%), and ash (2.73 ± 0.12%). Further analysis and quantification of free sugars, organic acids, and fatty acid methyl esters were carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatographic (GC) methods. In total, five sugars and nine organic acids were detected and quantified. The predominant sugars were fructose (16.40 ± 0.23%) and glucose (14.23 ± 0.10%), whereas the predominant organic acids were D-tartaric (4.01 ± 0.03%), ascorbic (4.51 ± 0.05%), and citric acid (4.27 ± 0.04%). The oil content of fruit pulp was 0.99 ± 0.01% and GC-MS analysis revealed that, it comprise of 16 fatty acid methyl esters. The percentage of saturated fatty acids were 32.17 ± 0.35%, that includes palmitic (18.52 ± 0.12%) and stearic acids (9.02 ± 0.08%), whereas, the unsaturated fatty acids were 51.98 ± 0.94%, including oleic acid (23.89 ± 0.06%), α-linolenic acid (16.55 ± 0.26%), linoleic acid (10.02 ± 0.43%), and vaccenic acid (1.78 ± 0.23%).

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Section: Sample Collection and Separationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Sample Collection and Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima L.) Fruit Pulp

et al. 2022

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“…With respect to the thickness of the rind, more than 68.75% of the tipopulation showed greater than average rind thickness (0.41), whereas the genotype KL-01 (0.36 mm) showed the minimum thickness, and 0.44 mm of maximum rind thickness was observed in the populations KA-10, AP-05, TS-01, and TS-05. The wood apple fruit pulp is embedded with white numerous seeds, which could be used for oil extraction (Lamani et al 2021). The results of studied populations showed the maximum number of seeds in population KA-08, and the minimum was in population KA-03, but 43.75% of populations were recorded for more than the average (344.77) number of seeds per fruit.…”

Section: Tree and Fruit Morphological Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is also characterized by the high weight of seeds and the number of seeds with an average of 12.88g and 392 seeds per fruit respectively. Seeds could have high commercial importance because of the presence of 32.02% of oil (Lamani et al 2021). Similarly, cluster 2 is characterized by large-sized trees and fruits with an average stem girth of 2.62 m, canopy area of 35.10 m 3 , fruit circumference of 29.02 cm, fruit weight of 233.43 g, pulp weight of 151.53 g, and also with medium seed weight and a number of seeds with an average value of 9.99 g and 315 seeds respectively.…”

Section: Tree and Fruit Morphological Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in tree and fruit traits of wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.) genetic resources collected from south India

Lamani

Murthy

2022

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Wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.) is an undomesticated nutritionally and medicinally potential monotypic tree species of the genus Limonia, which belongs to the family Rutaceae. This species is remained underexploited due to a lack of awareness regarding its significance and systematic study of its diversity. The present work was carried out to recognize the elite populations for future cultivation among the studied populations of South India. Considering a wide genetic diversity in wood apples, 32 populations were assessed by the prepared set of qualitative and quantitative traits presented in this study. The tree height ranges between 7.68 to 16.69 m, canopy area was 18.78 to 36.36 m3 whereas, the weight of the fruits ranges between 118.30 to 233.42 g, the percentage composition of pulp was 53.91 to 72.93% and the percentage composition of seed was 4.02 to 9.07%. The tree with medium height with an average of 11.13 m and having average stem girth of 2.62 m showed large-sized fruits with an average weight of 233.43 g and an average percentage of 65.04% of pulp (TN-03). The obtained results were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis, using the techniques of principal component analysis and cluster analysis, and were formed into 4 clusters. The formation of different clusters shows the genetic variability and the dissimilarity among the genotypes which could guide the selection of elite genotypes to enrich the programs of genetic improvement of the wood apple. Out of 4 cluster groups, cluster 1 and cluster 2 could be used for domestication programs because they showed superior fruit-related traits by having the highest fruit, pulp, and seed weight even though they have average morphology of trees.

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“…Additionally, developing/delivering a green extraction laboratory, particularly on an industrial scale comes with great challenges. Discussing the raw material consumption and optimal energy involving solvents, Ivanovs and Blumberga 19 considered green extraction methods like enzymatic hydrolysis, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction using CO 2 (SCF-CO 2 ), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). However, these extraction methods remain costly and not easily afforded by all laboratories, especially in developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical characterization of Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit in Nigeria

Omeje

Ezema

Ozioko

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Characterization and further development of underutilized/underexploited indigenous tropical seed oils are essential to supplement both nutritional and industrial needs of an ever-increasing African (and global) population. Before now and to our best knowledge, the previous research involved Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit specific to Nigeria appear to have been more on the evaluation of seed, pulp, and essential oils (from the seed), but much less on the pulp oil. To supplement existing information, this current work has aimed to biochemically characterize the Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of C. schweinfurthii fruit gathered from a community situated in the South-east of Nigeria. Specifically, the biochemical characterization comprised the determinations of proximate compositions, lipid peroxidation, fatty acid profile, as well as carotenoids, sterols, and tocopherols. Processing the fruit sample to pulp oil involved, among others, oven-drying, and grinding, prior to the Soxhlet extraction. Results of proximate components of C. schweinfurthii pulp oil showed the following trend: crude fat content (~ 49.32%) > carbohydrates (~ 37.93%) > moisture content (~ 8.62%) > ash content (~ 3.74%) > crude protein content (~ 0.39%) values. The lipid peroxidation attributes comprised acid (~ 23.60 mg KOH/g), peroxide (~ 33.91 mEq. O2/kg), iodine (~ 58.3 g/100 g), and saponification (~ 138.21 mg KOH/g) values. In addition to the free (~ 13.8%), saturated (~ 9.74%), and unsaturated (~ 90.26%) fatty acids, a total of fifteen (15) fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) spectral peaks were found, from caprylic acid (C8:0) to lignoceric acid (C24:0). Total tocopherol concentration amounted to ~ 73 mg/100 g, which comprised α, β, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocotrienol, with fair concentrations of carotenoids and sterols. Overall, the C. schweinfurthii pulp oil—biochemically competitive with a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acid, tocopherol, and sterol, suggests strong industrial promise.

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Fatty Acid Profile, Tocopherol Content of Seed Oil, and Nutritional Analysis of Seed Cake of Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima L.), an Underutilized Fruit-Yielding Tree Species

Cited by 13 publications

References 43 publications

Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima L.) Fruit Pulp

Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima L.) Fruit Pulp

Diversity in tree and fruit traits of wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.) genetic resources collected from south India

Biochemical characterization of Soxhlet-extracted pulp oil of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. fruit in Nigeria

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