Fatty acid profile, volatiles and antibacterial screening of lipids of the sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa (Schmidt) collected from the bay of Bengal (Orissa coast)
Abstract:The fatty acid composition as well as the volatiles of a lipophilic extract from the marine sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa (Schmidt) was analyzed. The fatty acids (FA) were characterized by linear saturated fatty acids (33.05 %), branched saturated fatty acids (9.30 %) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (18.07 %). A significant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (30.79 %) was found in the total lipid, which included linoleic acid (18:2 n-6, 11.14 %), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid/?-linolenic acid (18:3… Show more
“…2-Methylbutyryl-carnitine, a short chain acylcarnitine, is produced by many eukaryotes, including sponges [ 69 ]. Eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester is an isomeric, methylated derivative of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, which has been previously found in the sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa [ 70 ] and might be involved in host defense and immunity [ 71 , 72 ]. Fig.…”
Background
Sponges are ancient sessile metazoans, which form with their associated microbial symbionts a complex functional unit called a holobiont. Sponges are a rich source of chemical diversity; however, there is limited knowledge of which holobiont members produce certain metabolites and how they may contribute to chemical interactions. To address this issue, we applied non-targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to either whole sponge tissue or fractionated microbial cells from six different, co-occurring sponge species.
Results
Several metabolites were commonly found or enriched in whole sponge tissue, supporting the notion that sponge cells produce them. These include 2-methylbutyryl-carnitine, hexanoyl-carnitine and various carbohydrates, which may be potential food sources for microorganisms, as well as the antagonistic compounds hymenialdisine and eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester. Metabolites that were mostly observed or enriched in microbial cells include the antioxidant didodecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate, the antagonistic compounds docosatetraenoic acid, and immune-suppressor phenylethylamide. This suggests that these compounds are mainly produced by the microbial members in the sponge holobiont, and are potentially either involved in inter-microbial competitions or in defenses against intruding organisms.
Conclusions
This study shows how different chemical functionality is compartmentalized between sponge hosts and their microbial symbionts and provides new insights into how chemical interactions underpin the function of sponge holobionts.
“…2-Methylbutyryl-carnitine, a short chain acylcarnitine, is produced by many eukaryotes, including sponges [ 69 ]. Eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester is an isomeric, methylated derivative of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, which has been previously found in the sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa [ 70 ] and might be involved in host defense and immunity [ 71 , 72 ]. Fig.…”
Background
Sponges are ancient sessile metazoans, which form with their associated microbial symbionts a complex functional unit called a holobiont. Sponges are a rich source of chemical diversity; however, there is limited knowledge of which holobiont members produce certain metabolites and how they may contribute to chemical interactions. To address this issue, we applied non-targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to either whole sponge tissue or fractionated microbial cells from six different, co-occurring sponge species.
Results
Several metabolites were commonly found or enriched in whole sponge tissue, supporting the notion that sponge cells produce them. These include 2-methylbutyryl-carnitine, hexanoyl-carnitine and various carbohydrates, which may be potential food sources for microorganisms, as well as the antagonistic compounds hymenialdisine and eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester. Metabolites that were mostly observed or enriched in microbial cells include the antioxidant didodecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate, the antagonistic compounds docosatetraenoic acid, and immune-suppressor phenylethylamide. This suggests that these compounds are mainly produced by the microbial members in the sponge holobiont, and are potentially either involved in inter-microbial competitions or in defenses against intruding organisms.
Conclusions
This study shows how different chemical functionality is compartmentalized between sponge hosts and their microbial symbionts and provides new insights into how chemical interactions underpin the function of sponge holobionts.
“…They all confront bacteria through several mechanisms of action, all of which primarily involve the perturbation of bacterial cell membrane
[29]. The bactericidal activity of LCUFAs against S. aureus enhanced with increasing degree of unsaturation
[12]. PL includes phospholipids which are richer in LCUFAs due to their functional role
[30].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Given that PAF is an initial trigger in atherosclerosis
[11], foodstuffs, which exert antibacterial activities, suppress the production of PAF, and therefore play a positive role in preventing atherosclerosis. Previous studies have demonstrated the lipids extracted from red shrimp brain, marine sponge, sea bass and gilthead sea bream exerted antibacterial activities
[10,12,13]. Besides, antimicrobial agents have been prepared from the lipids of marine fishes
[14].…”
BackgroundEpidemiological studies have verified the protective role of fish lipids in cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of fish lipids on health boost remain undefined. Large amounts of by-products, such as fish brain which contains high level of lipids, are produced with silver carp processing. Fish brain is rich in bioactive lipids which are overwhelmingly effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the pharmacological activities of silver carp brain lipids against diseases by inhibiting platelet-activating factor (PAF), suppressing bacterial growth and scavenging free radicals.MethodsTotal lipids (TL) were extracted from silver carp brain and separated into polar lipids (PL) and neutral lipids (NL). The capabilities of the lipid fractions in aggregating washed rabbit platelet or in inhibiting PAF-induced platelet aggregation were tested. Their antibacterial and antiradical activities were studied as well.ResultsThe lipid fractions exhibited strong inhibitory activities, and the activity of TL was mainly attributed to NL. TL exhibited antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus, while NL managed to fight against S. aureus and Escherichia coli. PL excelled TL and NL in simultaneously suppressing the growths of Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi besides those of S. aureus and E. coli. The scavenging effect of PL on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical was considerably higher than those of TL and NL.ConclusionThe present study may help to explain the protective role of fish lipids against diseases and may be responsible for the effectiveness of fish brain in benefiting health.
The article contains sections titled:
General Information on the Metabolites of Sponges Lacking Mineral Spicules
Secondary Metabolites of Dendroceratida
Terpenes and Meroterpenes
Sterols
Polybromophenols and Polybromodiphenyl Ethers of Dysidea
Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds
Secondary Metabolites of Dictyoceratida
Fatty Acids and Glycolipids
Sterols
Terpenes and Meroterpenes
Polybromodiphenyl Ethers and other Halogenated Aromatic Derivatives
Laulimalide, Altohyrtins, Chondropsins, Haterumalides, and Other Macrolides
Linear and Cyclic Peptides, Depsipeptides
Alkaloids and Other Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds
Phosphorus Derivatives
Atypical Sulfur Derivatives
Secondary Metabolites of Verongida
3,5‐Dibromotyrosine Derivatives
Other Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds
Glycerol Ethers and Glycosphingolipids
Sulfated Aromatic Compounds
Metabolites Specific to the Family Ianthellidae
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