Fatty livers and lipotropic phenomena

Lucas, Christophe; Ridout, Jessie H.

doi:10.1016/0079-6832(70)90004-2

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 782 publications

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“…At the same time, the results show that the CDAA diet is indeed more severely lipotrope-deficient (17) than the CD diet. This fact was clearly bom out by our previous studies (25,26) (11,12) in the CDAA diet than the CD diet (free choline: below detectable limits versus 630 pmoles/kg diet; phosphatidylcholine: 11 versus 891 1 pmoles/kg diet); and (b) although the 2 diets contain the same amount of methionine, the latter is offered as proteins in the CD diet, and as a free amino acid in the CDAA diet; any easier and greater utilization of free methionine by the intestinal flora could reduce its absorption by the rats (32,33).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Comparative Changes in the Liver of Female Fischer-344 Rats after Short-Term Feeding of a Semipurified or a Semisynthetic L-Amino Acid-Defined Choline-Deficient Diet

et al. 1995

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Groups of female Fischer-344 rats were fed a semipurified choline-deficient (CD) diet, or a semisynthetic L-amino acid-defined choline-deficient (CDAA) diet, for up to 12 wk and effects of the 2 diets on the liver were compared. Steatosis was diffuse and more severe throughout in rats fed the CDAA diet than in rats fed the CD diet. Greater elevations in serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities were also present in the former rats, along with higher 2-bromodeoxyuridine labeling indices in the liver. Discrete amounts of 8-hydroxyguanine were detected in liver DNA, but were not significantly different in rats fed the 2 diets, or from those present in a group of control rats killed at 0 time. Glutathione S-transferase placental formpositive focal lesions were not observed in any of the rats. The results show that the CDAA diet causes more severe degrees of steatosis and liver cell death and proliferation than the CD diet, raising the possibility that it may, in contrast to the CD diet, result in the eventual induction of hepatocellular carcinomas in female Fischer-344 rats.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Comparative Changes in the Liver of Female Fischer-344 Rats after Short-Term Feeding of a Semipurified or a Semisynthetic L-Amino Acid-Defined Choline-Deficient Diet

et al. 1995

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“…High and variable levels of choline in the liver and kidneys are to be anticipated from their importance in choline metabolism. Thus the liver is the site where most biosynthesis of choline occurs (Bj0rstad & Bremer, 1966;Ansell & Spanner, 1971) and the liver and the kidneys are organs primarily affected in choline deficiency (Lucas & Ridout, 1967). These factors together with their role in removing excess choline from the circulation leads to the expectation that the levels in them may fluctuate as a consequence of the acquisition of choline from the diet and variation in the demands of other organ systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The distribution in the rabbit of choline administered by injection or infusion

Gardiner¹,

Gwee²

1974

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The concentration of choline in plasma, erythrocytes, skeletal muscle, heart, lung, liver, small intestine and kidneys and the changes that follow the injection or infusion of choline have been measured in rabbits anaesthetized with pentobarbitone.2. The concentration of choline in the plasma of arterial blood was 11-8 + 0*6 n-mole/ml. and in the erythrocytes 28*4 + 1-3 n-mole/ml. blood.3. All tissues contained a higher concentration of free choline than did plasma. The values range from 19 1 + 2-2 n-mole/g in skeletal muscle to 500 + 25 n-mole/g in the kidney.4. In order of their choline concentrations the tissues were intestine (duodenal end) > kidney > intestine (caecal end) > liver > lung > brain > heart > erythrocytes > (blood) > skeletal muscle > plasma, while in order of the contribution to the total body choline they were liver > intestine > skeletal muscle > (blood) > kidney > erythrocytes > lung > brain > plasma > heart. The total free choline determined by these analyses was between 30-40 ,umole/kg body weight, about one third being present in the liver.5. The choline content of the small intestine varied along its length. The lowest amount being present in the portion adjoining the caecum.6. Within 1 min of the injection of choline 100 or 300 /Zmole/kg, 70-90 % had left the circulation. The proportionate loss was higher after 100 smole/ kg than after 300 /zmole/kg.7. The loss following 300 /zmole/kg was increased if that dose were preceded by a dose of 100 /tmole/kg 40 min earlier; this suggests some additional disposal mechanisms) had been activated by the first dose.8. Three minutes after the injection of choline 300 ,Lmole/kg, about 60 % was present as free choline in the tissues studied. The order of the J. E. GARDINER AND M. C. E. GWEE concentration increases was kidneys > liver > muscle > lung > small intestine (caecal end) > heart > intestine > small intestine (duodenal end) > brain.9. Forty minutes after the injection of choline 300 ,ltmole/kg, only 11 % could be accounted for as free choline. Only the levels in the kidney, liver, muscle and lung were significantly above normal at this time.10. Infusion of choline 0-8 jtmole/kg. min or greater produced rises in plasma choline that corresponded to a clearance of 32 ml. plasma/kg. min.11. After the infusion of 300 ,umole/kg over a period of 1 hr, raised levels of choline were detected in all tissues assayed, but the amount found accounted for only 14 % of the choline administered. The concentrations in the kidney, liver and lung were similar to those found 40 min after the injection of 300 /tmole/kg.12. There was no change in the concentration of choline in the erythrocytes after the injection of choline 100 or 300 jtmole/kg, nor during the infusion of choline at the rate of 5 /,tmole/kg. min for 1 hr.13. The plasma volume appeared to be affected by the injection of the large doses of choline; after choline 300 ,umole/kg the plasma volume was reduced. No effect on the plasma volume was observed during the infusion of the same dose.

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“…Since phosphatidylcholine is the dominating source of choline in the diet, the present results also give information on choline intake. Choline is essential for several animals but the requirement in humans is not known (Lucas & Ridout, 1967;Griffith & Dyer, 1968 7 mmol phospholipid and 3.5 mmol choline, corresponding to 0.078 mmol lipid-P/g fat and 0.039 mmol choline/g fat (Ridout et al 1952). An experimental diet for young men contained 150 mg choline/d (1.4 mmol;Connor Johnsson et al 1945).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foodstuffs rich in phospholipids include egg yolk, meat, fish, dairy products and several grains (Lucas & Ridout, 1967), and one estimation indicated that half of the dietary choline originated from eggs (Borglin, 1947). In phosphatidylcholine from eggs (Noble & Moore, 1965) and also from milk (Jensen, 1973) oleate dominates over linoleate which is contrary to the situation for dietary phosphatidylcholine (Table 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Content of phospholipids in human diets studied by the duplicate-portion technique

Åkesson

1982

Br J Nutr

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1. The phospholipid intake by eight healthy women was studied by the duplicate-portion technique, i.e. chemical analyses of duplicates of the food consumed. Their intake of phospholipids was 1.5-2.5 mmol lipid-phosphorus/d, which corresponds to 0.0234059 mmol lipid-P/g dietary fat and 0.240.45 mmol lipid-P/MJ respectively.2. Choline phosphoglyceride constituted 48&700 mmol/mol and ethanolamine phosphogl yceride 170-240 mmol/mol total lipid-P. Most of the choline in nature occurs as choline phospholipids, the intake of which ranged between 0.91-1.85 mmol/d or 0.154.33 mmol/MJ.3. Palmitate, stearate, oleate, and linoleate were the four major fatty acids both in choline phosphoglycende and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride. Significant amounts of highly unsaturated, C,, and C,, fatty acids were also observed. It was calculated that 13-33 mg/g total dietary fatty acids was consumed as phospholipids. Together with bile phospholipids, dietary phospholipids and their degradation products may be important in the digestion and absorption processes. The intake of phospholipids by healthy free-living subjects has been studied. This study was part of a project designed to assess dietary intake by chemical analysis of so-called duplicate portions (Borgstrom et al. 1975;Borgstrom et al. 1979). This methodological approach is especially advantageous for components which are not listed in customary food composition tables, such as polar lipids. E X P E R I M E N T A LThe subjects studied were eight healthy women, aged 34-69 years, who formed part of a reference group in a study on dietary intake in relation to blood pressure. Other aspects of their dietary intake are reported elsewhere (Thulin et al. 1980). The nutrient intake agreed well with the pattern normally encountered in Sweden. Each subject collected six daily portions as described previously (Thulin et al. 1980). The portions were homogenized as described previously (Borgstrom el al. 1975) and 2-5 g of the homogenate was extracted for 1 h with 5 vol. chloroform-methanol (1 :2, v/v). The mixture was filtered and the extraction was repeated with 3 vol. chloroform-methanol(1: I , v/v). Enough water to give a value for water-methanol of 1 : 1 was added to the combined extracts and the chloroform layer was recovered after phase separation. After drying and weighing, total lipids were dissolved in chloroform and separated into a neutral lipid fraction and a polar fraction by column chromatography on silicic acid (< 200 mesh; Mallinckrodt). The first eluent was chloroform (20 ml/g silicic acid) and the second eluent chloroform-methanol (1 : 1, v/v) plus methanol (each 7-10 ml/g silicic acid). The phosphorus content in the polar fraction was determined according to Chen et al. (1956). Phospholipids were separated by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel H with chloroform-methanol-acetic acid-water (65: 25 :4:4, v/v) as the developing solvent. The phospholipid fractions were either eluted with chloroform-methanol-acetic acid-water (50: 39: 1 : 10, v/v) (Akesson et al. 1970) or ...

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Fatty livers and lipotropic phenomena

Cited by 14 publications

References 782 publications

Comparative Changes in the Liver of Female Fischer-344 Rats after Short-Term Feeding of a Semipurified or a Semisynthetic L-Amino Acid-Defined Choline-Deficient Diet

Comparative Changes in the Liver of Female Fischer-344 Rats after Short-Term Feeding of a Semipurified or a Semisynthetic L-Amino Acid-Defined Choline-Deficient Diet

The distribution in the rabbit of choline administered by injection or infusion

Content of phospholipids in human diets studied by the duplicate-portion technique

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