“…Examples include the proportional-integral (PI) technique [31,32], proportional multiple-integral (PMI) method [33,34,35], descriptor technique [36,37], adaptive methods [38,39,40], sliding mode techniques [41,42,43,44], and feedback linearization techniques [45,46]. Linear observer methods (e.g., PI and PMI) have been used in various applications for FDD, but these techniques have challenges in the presence of uncertainties [47,48]. To solve the challenge of linear observers, nonlinear observer techniques have been recommended [44,45,46].…”