“…Other researchers have considered the possibility of using large LEO constellations for navigation, [e.g., (Benzerrouk & Fang et al., 2019; Benzerrouk & Nguyen et al., 2019; Gutt et al., 2018; Iannucci & Humphreys, 2020; Kassas et al., 2019; Khalife & Kassas, 2019a; Khalife & Kassas, 2019b; Morales et al., 2019; Morales‐Ferre et al., 2020; Racelis et al., 2019; and Reid et al., 2018)]. Some studies have considered carrier Doppler shift or beat carrier phase, which is the negative time integral of Doppler shift.…”