Fault-Tolerant Cooperative Control in a Wind Farm Using Adaptive Control Reconfiguration and Control Reallocation

Fault-Tolerant Cooperative Control of Large-Scale Wind Farms and Wind Farm Clusters

“…[16] Adaptive FTC using barrier Lyapunov function Active power control during actuator fault [17] Particle swarm optimization Accommodation of the generator fault effects at farm level [18,19] FTCC using fuzzy logic at farm level Accommodation of mild power-loss faults caused by turbine blade erosion and debris build-up on the blades [20,21] FTCC using adaptive PI control at turbine level and control reallocation at farm level Accommodation of mild and severe power loss faults caused by turbine blade erosion and debris build-up on the blades [22] It should be noted that the effective implementation of the presented scheme in [22] for a large-scale wind farm or WFC, where the number of wind turbines becomes quite large, turns to be complex or computationally expensive due to the increased number of modules required in the scheme (i.e., each module monitors the power consistency between two different turbines in the wind farm). To overcome these issues when dealing with very large-scale wind farms or WFCs, the present paper proposes a novel clustering approach to enable a computationally efficient multilayer FTCC scheme which provides effective fault identification and accommodation performance with simplified computer programming.…”

“…Similar to the works in [20][21][22], the basic idea for designing an FDD system is to monitor and analyze the consistency of the generated powers from wind turbines altogether in real time. However, in contrast to the above-cited works, the proposed scheme in this paper acts against both mild and severe power-loss faults while using distributed FDD systems, which operate in parallel to detect and identify power-loss faults in each wind farm in a cluster.…”

“…Having no dependence on the information of wind speed or direction, the said schemes can simultaneously handle multiple faults in wind turbines of a wind farm with any arbitrary layouts. Badihi et al in [22] extends the authors' works in [20,21] by developing another FTCC scheme which relies on an effective "model reference adaptive proportional-integral control reconfiguration" algorithm that is integrated with a "control reallocation" mechanism. Compared with the solutions in [20,21], the more recently developed scheme in [22] can handle both mild and severe power-loss faults because of different levels of icing or debris build-up on wind turbine rotor blades.…”

“…Badihi et al in [22] extends the authors' works in [20,21] by developing another FTCC scheme which relies on an effective "model reference adaptive proportional-integral control reconfiguration" algorithm that is integrated with a "control reallocation" mechanism. Compared with the solutions in [20,21], the more recently developed scheme in [22] can handle both mild and severe power-loss faults because of different levels of icing or debris build-up on wind turbine rotor blades. Table 1 presents a categorized list of the references on FDD, FTC, and FTCC of wind farms with their corresponding design approaches.…”

Development of a Novel Multi-Channel Thermocouple Array Sensor for In-Situ Monitoring of Ice Accretion

“…Such sites are frequently subject to atmospheric icing conditions which may lead to accretion of ice on the surface of turbine rotor blades, [1,[6][7][8][9]. As with aircraft, aerofoil icing significantly impacts the aerodynamics of the blade, leading to power performance losses of up to 40% [9,10]. Ice build-up also leads to increased fatigue loading and may significantly reduce gearbox lifetime due to mass imbalance [11].…”