“…Thirdly random Gaussian noises for the states and for the measurements both with zero mean values and with covariances q = 10 −2 and r = 10 −4 , respectively. D = 1 EKF is implemented as in (3) to (6). The Jacobean matrices F k , W k , H k , V k are defined in appendix A; EKF will provide the state estimate vector X = [ θ 1 , θ 1 , θ 2 , θ 2 ] T .The initial state and initial covariance conditions of the EKF are chosen to be X 0/0 = [0, 0, 0, 0] T and P 0/0 = ones (4,4), respectively.…”