“…In distribution systems, based on engineering practices and literature studies, some characteristics and their combinations are selected to be used as main indicators for fault detection and protection, such as line voltage phasor, line current phasor, phase voltage phasor, iA-iO and voltage phasors, harmonic, frequency spectrum, travelling waves and so on [6][7][8][9][10]. The SGF has traditionally been diagnosed based on iA-iO, residual voltage, and their derived quantities, including transient and steady-state amplitude, phase's change and difference, admittance, active power, harmonic, current and waveform.…”