Fauna antiqua sivalensis, being the fossil zoology of the Sewalik Hills, in the north of India /

First Central American record of Anthracotheriidae (Mammalia, Bothriodontinae) from the early Miocene of Panama

“…1). Although its relationship with other American bothriodontines is still unresolved, results from our cladistic analysis suggest a relationship with A. acridens from The Toledo Bend L. F. These tropical to subtropical forms share several plesiomorphic characters with coeval anthracotheres from different continents, such as Merycopotamus Falconer and Cautley, 1847, from the middle to late Miocene of Asia (Douglass, 1901;Troxell, 1921;Scott, 1940), Brachyudus Deperet, 1895, from the early Miocene of Eurasia, and Libycosaurus from the late Miocene of Libya. In addition, some plesiomorphic characters in the lower dentition are also present in A. meridionale and Elomeryx.…”

The last Iberian gomphothere (Mammalia, Proboscidea): Anancus arvernensis mencalensis nov. ssp. from the earliest Pleistocene of the Guadix Basin (Granada, Spain)

“…One specimen attributed to A. sivalensis from the Siwaliks, drawn by Falconer and Cautley (1846), shows also a fifth loph in M2.…”

“…Currently, five African species of Anancus have been identified (Sanders, 2011): Anancus kenyensis (MacInnes, 1942), Anancus ultimus Sanders, 2011, Anancus capensis Sanders, 2007, Anancus petrocchii Coppens, 1965, and Anancus osiris Arambourg, 1945. Five Asian species of Anancus are also recognized: Anancus sinensis (Hopwood, 1935) and Anancus cuneatus (Teilhard de Chardin and Trassaert, 1937) from China, two species based on materials recovered in the foothills of the Siwaliks in India, i.e., Anancus sivalensis (Cautley, 1836) and Anancus perimensis (Falconer and Cautley, 1846), and Anancus kazachstanensis (Aubekerova, 1974) from Kazakhstan.…”

An early mammoth maxilla from north-western Greece

“…The earliest E. nawataensis from Nawata Fm, Lothagam, Kenya, dated between 6.7 and 5.2 Ma, is known only by a juvenile mandible and some molar fragments (Tassy, 2003) that cannot be directly compared with our specimen. We suspect that E. planifrons dental sample from Siwaliks described by Falconer andCautley (1845e1849) and Osborn (1942) may be not homogeneous either chronologically or taxonomically (see also Markov, Primitive features of loxodont elephants are based on Loxodonta cookei Sanders, 2007 from Tugen Hills, Kenya (conservatively dated at 5.3e4.0 Ma; Sanders, 2007), Loxodonta adaurora Maglio, 1970 from Kanapoi, Kenya (4.2e4.1 Ma) and other Pliocene SE African sites (Maglio, 1970(Maglio, , 1973Beden, 1979;Kalb and Mebrate, 1993), and Loxodonta exoptata (Dietrich, 1941) from Laetoli Beds, Tanzania (ranging from 4.3 to 2.6 Ma) and Member A of Shungura, Omo, Ethiopia (3.5e3.4 Ma) (Beden, 1979).…”

“…1). Eltgen (1986) and Fountoulis et al (2001) indicate that continental deposition in this area started no earlier than 3.4 Ma. In agreement with this age, the oldest well-documented fossil mammal assemblage from this region comes from Milia, a few kilometers south (Fig.…”