Favorable influences of linoleic acid on the progression of diabetic micro- and macroangiopathy in adult onset diabetes mellitus

Houtsmuller, A.J.; Hal-Ferwerda, J. van; Zahn, K; Henkes, H.E.

doi:10.1016/0163-7827(81)90070-9

Cited by 55 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…23 Both meta-analyses showed a significant reduction in CVD of 19% by replacing saturated with polyunsaturated fat. Another systematic review and meta-analysis 10 included the Dayton et al study, 20 the Oslo Diet-Heart Study, 21 the Medical Research Council study, 22 the study by Houtsmuller et al, 32 the Rose et al study, 33 and the Sydney Diet Heart Study 35 and excluded the Finnish trial. 30,36,37 The Finnish trial was not included because it had 2 hospitals rather than at least 6 in the cluster randomization scheme, as required by the researchers conducting this meta-analysis.…”

Section: 3637mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,23,[32][33][34][35] We did not include these trials in our core group because they had a mixed dietary intervention in which polyunsaturated and carbohydrate replaced saturated fat and had insufficient duration, low adherence, few events, and/or serious flaws in study design. STARS (Saint Thomas Atherosclerosis Regression Study) was a 3.3-year trial that achieved its primary aim of reducing the severity of stenoses (blockages) in the coronary arteries.…”

Section: Noncore Trials On Replacing Saturated With Polyunsaturated Fatmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association

Sacks¹,

Lichtenstein²,

Wu³

et al. 2017

Circulation

1,026

684

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of death, accounting for 17.3 million deaths per year. Preventive treatment that reduces CVD by even a small percentage can substantially reduce, nationally and globally, the number of people who develop CVD and the costs of caring for them. This American Heart Association presidential advisory on dietary fats and CVD reviews and discusses the scientific evidence, including the most recent studies, on the effects of dietary saturated fat intake and its replacement by other types of fats and carbohydrates on CVD. In summary, randomized controlled trials that lowered intake of dietary saturated fat and replaced it with polyunsaturated vegetable oil reduced CVD by ≈30%, similar to the reduction achieved by statin treatment. Prospective observational studies in many populations showed that lower intake of saturated fat coupled with higher intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat is associated with lower rates of CVD and of other major causes of death and all-cause mortality. In contrast, replacement of saturated fat with mostly refined carbohydrates and sugars is not associated with lower rates of CVD and did not reduce CVD in clinical trials. Replacement of saturated with unsaturated fats lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a cause of atherosclerosis, linking biological evidence with incidence of CVD in populations and in clinical trials. Taking into consideration the totality of the scientific evidence, satisfying rigorous criteria for causality, we conclude strongly that lowering intake of saturated fat and replacing it with unsaturated fats, especially polyunsaturated fats, will lower the incidence of CVD. States died of heart disease, stroke, and other CVDs in 2014, translating to about 1 of every 3 deaths. The annual direct and indirect costs of these deaths total more than $316.1 billion, including health expenditures and lost productivity.1 Preventive treatment that reduces CVD by even a small percentage can substantially reduce, nationally and globally, the number of people who develop CVD and the costs of caring for them.Since 1961, the American Heart Association (AHA) has recommended reduction in dietary saturated fat to reduce the risk of CVD.2,3 The purpose of this AHA presidential advisory on dietary fats and CVD is to review and discuss the scientific evidence, including the most recent studies, on the effects on CVD of dietary saturated fat and its replacement by other types of fats and carbohydrates. A presidential advisory is initiated by the AHA president to address a topic of special current importance. This report discusses the major classes of dietary fatty acids, except for the verylong-chain n-3 fatty acids in fish, which are covered by other AHA reports.The scientific rationale for decreasing saturated fat in the diet has been and remains based on wellestablished effects of saturated fat to raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, a leading cause of atherosclerosis 4 ; to cause atherosclerosis in seve...

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Section: 3637mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Noncore Trials On Replacing Saturated With Polyunsaturated Fatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association

Sacks¹,

Lichtenstein²,

Wu³

et al. 2017

Circulation

1,026

684

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…32 However, this must be set against the large amount of previous evidence suggesting that, within a population, linoleic acid is protective, particularly in diabetes. 10,[13][14][15]33,34 It is also important to distinguish between different fatty acids within a class because some may be protective while others may be harmful. Further research is therefore required before further dietary advice is widely recommended.…”

Section: Fatty Acid Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: the Edinburgh Artery Study

Taylor¹,

Lee²,

Fowkes³

et al. 1999

Vasc Med

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Abstract:The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma and red cell fatty acid levels were associated with cardiovascular disease, and whether any association was independent of other major risk factors. Over 1100 subjects were examined in a random sample survey of the general population (the Edinburgh Artery Study). Fatty acids were measured in three plasma fractions (triglyceride, cholesteryl ester and phospholipid) and in red cell phospholipids. Fatty acid levels in groups with cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction (MI), angina and lower limb disease) were compared with a no disease group. In the cholesteryl ester and phospholipid fractions there were significantly lower levels of eicosapentaenoic acid in the MI group on univariate analysis (pϽ0.05), but not when adjusted for age, sex, smoking and systolic blood pressure using logistic regression. In the red cell fraction, alpha-linolenic acid was significantly lower in those with stroke (pϽ0.01) and lower limb disease (pϽ0.05). Linoleic acid was significantly raised in the triglyceride fraction in those with MI, probably reflecting recent dietary changes. There were significant increases in dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in the phospholipid and red cell fractions in those with MI, and in the phospholipid fraction in the stroke group. These results do not support the hypothesis that n-6 fatty acids are protective against cardiovascular disease, although there may be some beneficial effects of the n-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Results from cross-sectional surveys must, however, be interpreted with caution because the presence of disease may affect dietary intake.

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“…These cases suggest that in some individuals dietary supplementation with relatively small doses of EFAs can produce striking clinical responses. Pronounced physiologic or pharmacologie effects of dietary EFA supplementation have been demonstrated in controlled studies of LA supplementation in diabetic angiopathy [69] and hypertension [70]; clinically significant immunosuppression has been obtained from 3 gm per day of EPO [71], and marked changes in platelet function have appeared after prolonged ingestion of small doses of LNA [72]. It is therefore possible that the clinical effects in these case reports are owing to pharmacologie actions of EFAs.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 90%

Increased requirements for essential fatty acids in atopic individuals: a review with clinical descriptions.

Galland¹

1986

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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Patients with atopic eczema and a mixture of allergic illnesses show biochemical evidence suggesting impairment in the desaturation of linoleic acid and linolenic acid by the enzyme delta-6 dehydrogenase. Consequences of this enzyme defect are 1) diminished synthesis of the 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are prostaglandin precursors and 2) a reduction in the concentration of double bonds in the cell membrane. A distortion in the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which might result from this block, can account for the immunological defects of atopy and a variety of clinical symptoms experienced by atopic individuals. Dietary supplementation with essential fatty acids relieves the signs and symptoms of atopic eczema, may improve other types of allergic inflammation, and may also correct coexisting symptoms as diverse as excessive thirst and dysmenorrhea. Further research is suggested to test the hypothesis that some atopic states represent a condition of essential fatty acid dependency owing to defective desaturation of dietary fatty acids.

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Favorable influences of linoleic acid on the progression of diabetic micro- and macroangiopathy in adult onset diabetes mellitus

Cited by 55 publications

References 7 publications

Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association

Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association

Essential fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: the Edinburgh Artery Study

Increased requirements for essential fatty acids in atopic individuals: a review with clinical descriptions.

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