FDI, disinvestment and growth: an appraisal of Bhutanese economy

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to appraise the influence and challenges of direct disinvestment or through foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Kingdom of Bhutan, particularly to identify the inflow of disinterment post pandemic and how it can be improved. Design/methodology/approach The authors investigated the influence of FDI on Bhutan’s economy by analyzing secondary published data by Asian Development Bank and government agencies of Bhutan. To find out the role FDI has played in the growth of the Bhutanese Economy. Findings The FDI is not playing a major role in the nation’s economy so far. However, its potential cannot be ignored as there is a need for foreign currency and expertise in the country. Furthermore, government policies are directly influencing the inflow of foreign exchange that affects the Bhutan’s economy. FDI has not increased considerably because of self-imposed restrictions blocking government policies. Research limitations/implications This research is based on the data collected from secondary sources, which could be considered as the main limitation of this study. The Himalayan kingdom is not much open to the outside world in terms of the publication and availability of the data. Researchers put their best effort in retrieving secondary data from authentic sources. Practical implications This research has direct implications from an institutional perspective on the government policies and procedures. This study throws light on the elements that might help in improving Bhutan’s economy, employment and productivity for an overall development of economy. Social implications Bhutan and similar countries need to understand the pros and cons of having FDIs. This study might help the government and the civil society to understand the trends FDI has triggered in the nation over last 30 years, and will help them to make appropriate policies and regulations dealing with foreign investments. Originality/value This paper underwrites the influence of disinvestment on Bhutan’s economy, which can revolutionize business, entrepreneurship and institutions. This research was conducted by analyzing secondary data released by authorized agencies, which indicated the lower inflow of foreign exchange and how to improve further.

Environmental effect of Chinese FDI in Africa: Evidence from pooled mean group

“…This implies that FDI is a source of ecosystem innovations and energy efficiency which further shifts industrial structure to sustainable path in developing nations (Doytch & Narayan, 2015). However, according to Ansari and Khan (2023), this prediction depends on the environmental protection policy of the host nations and the level of quality institutions (Dada et al, 2021). Kuznets (1955) predicts the relationship between environmental and economic variables by using economic growth and environmental pollutions for its explanations.…”