Fdi, Income, and Environmental Pollution in Indonesia

Abstract

The research aimed to evaluate the association of disposable income and environmental pollution on the investments measured using Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The research was specific to the Indonesian economy. The research was secondary quantitative and the data was accumulated from World Bank. The time frame considered for this study ranged from 1960 to 2018. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics, stationarity testing, ARDL assessment and Granger Causality have been used. The results unveiled that both disposable income and environmental pollution are found to have significant effect on the FDI of Indonesia. Therefore, both the proposed hypotheses have been accepted. The research is limited to Indonesia and no other country has been evaluated. Therefore, in future more countries can be considered for comparative analysis. In furtherance, more factors can be considered in future that affect Indonesian FDI.

Policy insight from renewable energy, foreign direct investment (FDI), and urbanization towards climate goal: insight from Indonesia

“…Employing the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model, the study found that the inflow of FDI increases environmental degradation in Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines, whereas increase in foreign investment decreases environmental pollution in Indonesia and shows insignificant relation in Singapore. Bachri and Normelani ( 2020 ) evaluate the nexus of disposable income and environmental degradation on FDI in Indonesia utilized the ARDL and Granger causality test from 1960–2018. The study revealed that FDI has a significant impact on environmental pollution and income.…”

“…Merican et al ( 2007 ) found that the inflow of FDI increases environmental degradation in Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines, whereas increase in foreign investment decreases environmental pollution in Indonesia and shows insignificant relation in Singapore. Bachri and Normelani ( 2020 ) revealed that FDI has a significant impact on environmental pollution and income. H0: Renewable energy impacts favorable on both economic growth and environment quality …”

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