FDTD-based SAR calculation of a wearable antenna for wireless body area network devices

Savci, Huseyin S.; Kaburcuk, Fatih

doi:10.1017/s1759078722001283

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…As a result, their performance may be impacted compared to antennas placed in free space due to the lossy and non-homogeneous coupling of the physical body [7]- [9]. Besides that, the effects of the antennas on human tissues must be considered, which can be evaluated based on its Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) limits which must abide by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards [10]- [12]. Microstrip patch antenna [8], [14], planar monopole [15], [16], planar inverted-F shaped [17], fractal [18], reconfigurable [19] and Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) [20] are some of the antennas proposed for WBAN applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

et al. 2023

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The design and analysis of a compact dual-band wearable antenna for WBAN applications is presented. The antenna was prototyped on a semi-flexible Rogers Duroid RO3003™ with compact dimensions of 41 × 44 mm 2 which corresponds to 0.33 λ0 × 0.35 λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength at 2.4 GHz. The antenna is designed in the preliminary stage to resonate at 5.8 GHz. An inverted U-shaped slot is added to the patch to create one more resonant frequency at 2.4 GHz. In order to enhance the antenna's bandwidth and gain, two slots at the patch's bottom edge and a partial ground are added. The measured percentage of impedance bandwidth at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz are 3.75% and 5.17%, respectively. The gain is measured to be 3.74 dBi and 5.13 dBi and the efficiency is 91.4% and 92.3%, respectively at the operating bands. The measured radiation patterns exhibit a bidirectional and directional radiation pattern in the E-plane at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, while omnidirectional radiation patterns are observed in the H-plane. At 2.4 GHz, the SAR limits are simulated to be 0.955 W/kg and 0.571 W/kg for 1 g and 10 g of human tissue, while at 5.8 GHz, the SAR limits are 0.478 W/kg and 0.127 W/kg, respectively. Therefore, the proposed antenna has met the FCC and ICNIRP standards. Bending conditions and on-body measurements of the proposed antenna indicate that the antenna's performance is unaffected. As a result, it is shown that the antenna possessed the ability to be utilized in WBAN applications.INDEX TERMS Dual-band, patch antenna, WBAN applications, SAR, bending condition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

et al. 2023

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“…This absorption phenomenon is precisely assessed through a metric known as the SAR, which measures the rate at which organic tissue absorbs electromagnetic energy when exposed to it. To ensure safety pertaining to SAR, regulatory entities such as the FCC and ICNIRP have established guidelines [8,9]. These guidelines define SAR limits as 1.6 Watt/kg and 2 Watt/kg for any 1 gram and 10 grams of tissues respectively.…”

Section: F Numerical Sar Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the prolonged electromagnetic radiation can potentially pose detrimental health repercussions on the human body, especially with the chronic exposure. Consequently, the radiation emitted by the antennas must lower the amount of power absorbed per unit mass, identified by the specific absorption rate (SAR), to comply to the health and safety guidelines assigned by FCC and ICNIRP [8,9]. Second, to enable comfortable wearability and decrease the discomfort associated with antenna usage, wearable antennas should possess properties such as flexibility, compactness, and conformance to the human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Analysis of Low-Profile Dual Band Flexible Omnidirectional Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

Khan,

Sethi,

Malik

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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This manuscript demonstrates a comprehensive analysis of a low-profile dual-band flexible omnidirectional wearable antenna, designed for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications. The proposed antenna is designed and fabricated on a commercially available semiflexible RT/duroid 5870 substrate. The antenna prototype is composed of a circular radiating patch with a star-shaped slot at the center, providing dual-band operations that resonates at the 2.45 GHz ISM band and 5.2 GHz WLAN band. Meanwhile, two truncated arc-shaped slots at the top and bottom edges of the radiating patch and the partial ground were utilized to improve the reflection coefficients (S11) and impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The proposed antenna has a compact footprint of 47×30×0.787 mm 3 (0.38 λo × 0.25 λo × 0.006 λo at 2.45 GHz), with measured impedance bandwidth of 48% and 38.5% at 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz respectively. Moreover, the designed antenna has an omnidirectional and bidirectional radiation feature with the estimated gain of 2.5 dBi, 4.63 dBi and numerical efficiencies of 98.5% and 95% at 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz respectively. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation encompassing a specific absorption rate and an exploration of bending aspects validated the effectiveness of the suggested design in adhering the SAR threshold and its remarkable robustness, when confronted with the demands imposed by human body loading and structural deformations. Consequently, both the numerical and measured results strongly endorse the significance of the suggested design for lightweight, body-worn wearable devices within the Wireless Body Area Network applications.

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“…As a result, a small antenna with directional radiation and a few back lobes is required for that purpose [5]. The antennas integrated into the human body must uphold their operational capabilities concerning bandwidth, frequency, gain, and efficiency, while simultaneously adhering to specified regulations like the limits for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) [6,7]. So far, from the previous literature, the antennas of interest have a limited operating band.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Dual-band Frequency Reconfigurable Patch Antenna for WBAN Applications

Musa,

Mohd Shah,

Majid

et al. 2023

PIER M

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A wearable dual-band patch antenna is presented which can adjust its frequency for WBAN applications. Frequency reconfiguration is achieved by the antenna through the utilization of the switching properties of a PIN diode. Produced using a Rogers Duroid material with semi-flexible properties, the antenna has a size of 0.33λ 0 × 0.35λ 0 × 0.012λ 0 . Initially resonating at 5.8 GHz, a slot in the shape of an inverted letter U is included to introduce a dual-band operation at 2.4 GHz. By controlling the PIN diode's ON and OFF states, the antenna can switch between single-band (ISM 5.8 GHz) and dual-band (ISM 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz) operations. The antenna exhibits a bi-directional radiation pattern at 2.4 GHz and a directional pattern at 5.8 GHz. In the ON state, the antenna achieves a peak gain and total efficiency of 4.84 dBi, 5.87 dBi, 92.5%, and 92.7% at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. In the OFF state at 5.8 GHz, a peak gain and total efficiency of 6.01 dBi and 91.8% are measured. To evaluate its suitability for WBAN applications, the antenna's performance is assessed by measuring SAR values on a human tissue model. At 2.4 GHz, the SAR values for 1/10 g of human tissue are 0.411/0.177 W/kg respectively. Similarly, at 5.8 GHz, the SAR values are 0.438/0.158 W/kg respectively. The SAR values comply with the established standards of the FCC and ICNIRP for both resonance frequencies for human tissue weighing 1/10 g. Overall, the antenna boasts a compact size, acceptable SAR values, and satisfactory gain and efficiency across all operating bands, surpassing previous works. It also benefits from a simplified design employing a single switch, and the antenna remains a suitable choice for WBAN applications considering its other advantageous characteristics mentioned above.

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FDTD-based SAR calculation of a wearable antenna for wireless body area network devices

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

Design and Analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

A Comprehensive Analysis of Low-Profile Dual Band Flexible Omnidirectional Wearable Antenna for WBAN Applications

Wearable Dual-band Frequency Reconfigurable Patch Antenna for WBAN Applications

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