“…Traditionally, meat freshness discrimination is mainly based on human sensory characteristics, such as meat texture, odor, and color, which suffers from the issues of subjectivity and reliability. , In contrast, it would be more accurate and quicker to evaluate the freshness of meat by measuring the concentration of certain substances such as bioamines. − However, due to the volatile nature of bioamines, it is difficult to give timely, rapid, and precise feedback on the actual situation of meat freshness by monitoring the levels of bioamines. In this case, nonvolatile hypoxanthine (Hx), a product of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) decomposition after a series of reactions during meat spoilage, has become one of the research hotspots to be employed as an indicator of meat spoilage in the meat processing industry. , Driven by this, vast efforts have been focused on developing efficient assays, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrochemistry, colorimetry, fluorometry, etc., to detect Hx for judging meat freshness. Although these reported approaches have satisfactory results for detecting Hx to judge meat freshness, they all stay in the single analytical mode and are easily affected by the real meat matrices to yield false-positive output.…”