“… 59 Additionally, lower pH will accelerate the corrosion of Fe thin films at the presence of CO 2 . 62 Figure 6 Effect of pH on corrosion (A) Potentiodynamic polarization. (B) Variation of 1/R p with time.…”
Section: Influencing Factors On Carbon Dioxide Corrosionmentioning
“… 59 Additionally, lower pH will accelerate the corrosion of Fe thin films at the presence of CO 2 . 62 Figure 6 Effect of pH on corrosion (A) Potentiodynamic polarization. (B) Variation of 1/R p with time.…”
Section: Influencing Factors On Carbon Dioxide Corrosionmentioning
“…Fossil energy infrastructures, such as pipelines, [206] geothermal wells, [207] transformers, [208] transmission lines, [209] wellbores, [210] and power plants [211] rely upon high performance sensors to monitor parameters such as corrosion, [212] temperature, [213] humidity, [214] pressure, [215] and greenhouse gas emissions. [216] These sensors play a crucial role in the automation of energy production, distribution, and consumption, [217] requiring communication between sensors and system controls.…”
Section: Fossil Energy Infrastructure Automationmentioning
The energy sector is expected to undergo significant changes in the coming decades with the advent of new technologies, including smart grid development, microgrid expansion, increasing electric vehicle and renewable energy usage, and enhanced measures to minimize greenhouse gas emission, among others. In tandem, these changes are expected to create new opportunities for the deployment of quantum technologies within the energy sector. Building on the authors' previous reviews on the current state of and future opportunities for quantum sensing, quantum computing and quantum simulations for energy sector applications, this work provides an overview of recent progress in quantum networking and communications for the energy industry, with a focus on platforms, devices, and protocols, including quantum teleportation and quantum key distribution. Specific areas of relevance to the energy sector are then analyzed, including the role of quantum networks for greenhouse gas monitoring, secure data collection and transmission in smart grids, nuclear power plants’ safety, facilitating oil and gas exploration, and other energy‐relevant applications. This review concludes with a brief overview of areas for future innovation, including the need for platforms for simulating quantum networks, quantum material and platform design, and computational approaches to accelerate quantum protocol discovery and development.
“…It has been estimated that corrosion costs a sum of $1.4 billion annually to the United States in production and exploration alone, with $589 million used in surface pipeline and facility costs, $463 million in downhole tubing expenses, and $320 million in capital expenditures related to corrosion [51]. One out of every four natural gas transmissions and gathering incidents has been the consequence of corrosion in the last three decades according to the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials (PHMSA) database, and more than half of these were due to internal corrosion [52,53]. However, it is even more difficult to inspect the insides of a pipe, and more so when the pipe is thousands of kilometers long and the problem could be anywhere.…”
There has been enormous growth in the energy sector in the new millennium, and it has enhanced energy demand, creating an exponential rise in the capital investment in the energy industry in the last few years. Regular monitoring of the health of industrial equipment is necessary, and thus, the concept of structural health monitoring (SHM) comes into play. In this paper, the purpose is to highlight the importance of SHM systems and various techniques primarily used in pipelining industries. There have been several advancements in SHM systems over the years such as Point OFS (optical fiber sensor) for Corrosion, Distributed OFS for physical and chemical sensing, etc. However, these advanced SHM technologies are at their nascent stages of development, and thus, there are several challenges that exist in the industries. The techniques based on acoustic, UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), etc. bring in various challenges, as it becomes daunting to monitor the deformations from both sides by employing only one technique. In order to determine the damages well in advance, it is necessary that the sensor is positioned inside the pipes and gives the operators enough time to carry out the troubleshooting. However, the mentioned technologies have been unable to indicate the errors, and thus, there is the requirement for a newer technology to be developed. The purpose of this review manuscript is to enlighten the readers about the importance of structural health monitoring in pipeline and wind turbine industries.
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