Fe3O4/Fe2O3/TiO2/Ag: an innovative photocatalyst under visible light irradiation in deep eutectic solvent for efficient conversion of 5-HMF to chemo-and bio-based chemicals besides their determination using HPLC

Ag/GO/Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3 Nanocomposite for Green-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic Acid

“…This peak can be attributed to the (101) crystal plane of GO . Based on the previous studies, the peaks of the Figure b curves were detected at 2θ angles of 30.64, 35.99, 43.64, 54.34, 57.64, and 63.49°, corresponding to the crystal planes of (220), (311), (400), (422), (511), and (440), respectively. , These findings are consistent with the diffraction peak data of Fe 3 O 4 as documented in the PDF card. Additionally, at lower and higher angles, there are weak diffraction peaks observed, corresponding to (110), (210), (421), (620), and (533) .…”

“…It has been introduced as the most stable iron oxide in environmental conditions with nontoxic, resistant to oxidation, low-cost, and environmentally friendly properties. , As the γ-Fe 2 O 3 particles become nanosized, their excellent magnetic properties are also greatly improved. Our studies have shown that Fe 3 O 4 /γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles show better magnetic properties than Fe 3 O 4 and γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles separately under an external magnetic field. , Despite recent advances in the field, the interface between metal oxide and graphene remains unclear due to the diverse interaction mechanisms between nanoparticles and the various sites or functional groups of graphene, involving covalent and noncovalent bonds, which require further investigation in chemical reactions …”

“…As shown in Figure I, the FT-IR spectrum of graphene oxide (GO) contains peaks with intense adsorption at 1048, 1130, 1599, 1725, and 3408 cm –1 , which are attributed to the stretching vibrations of C–O–C (epoxy), C–OH, CC (ring aromatic), CO (carboxyl), and O–H (hydroxyl) bonds, respectively (Figure I) . In the FT-IR spectrum of Fe 3 O 4 /γ-Fe 2 O 3 , typical bands at about 682, 1618, and 3412 cm –1 were assigned to the Fe–O (Fe 3 O 4 /γ-Fe 2 O 3 crystalline lattice) and OH (surface hydroxyl groups in water molecules) stretching vibrations (Figure II) . As shown in the FT-IR spectrum of the Ag/GO/Fe 3 O 4 /γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposite (Figure III), the major characteristic bands of GO and Fe 3 O 4 /γ-Fe 2 O 3 could be easily detected in the nanocomposite spectrum.…”

“…Initially, we prepared Fe 3 O 4 /γ-Fe 2 O 3 using our previously reported method, while graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized following the method reported by Hamers . GO/Fe 3 O 4 /γ-Fe 2 O 3 was synthesized by the coprecipitation hydrothermal method.…”