Fe3O4 nanoparticles impregnated eggshell as a novel catalyst for enhanced biodiesel production

Chingakham, Ch.; David, A Muller; Sajith, V.

doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2019.02.022

Cited by 54 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The reusability of the catalyst was done observing process parameters. The percentage conversion were high at the initial stage, at the fourth cycle there seem to be a decrease in the catalytic activity due to the deactivation of some active sites by impurity [18]. The surface morphology of the catalyst before and after the 5 th runs at different magnifications is shown in Figure 4.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Kinetics and Transesterification of the Oil Obtained from <i>Cussonia bateri</i> (Jansa Seed) as a Step in Biodiesel Production Using Natural Heterogeneous Catalyst

Okonkwo¹,

Ajiwe²,

Obiadi³

et al. 2021

WJAC

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The ongoing search for a more sustainable, renewable, and affordable fuel source has necessitated the quest and search for a better diesel. Biodiesel, an environmentally friendly diesel, has been able to solve many of the issues that have arisen as a result of the use of fossil fuels. They are mostly synthesized by transesterification of a FFA with an alcohol employing an appropriate catalyst. This study examines the use of jansa seed oil as a low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production. Transesterification of free fatty acids (FFA) with methanol and ethanol catalyzed by snail shell was used to process the biodiesel. In the biodiesel production, the alcohol to oil molar ratio was 12:1, the catalyst amount was 0.75 g, and the reaction temperature was 65°C. The reversible second-order reaction rate was used to characterize the kinetics of FFA transesterification. Kinetic modeling of the biodiesel production process was also carried out in order to determine the sequence of the reaction and estimate the reaction rate constant. The activation energy of the ethyl ester was higher than that of the methyl ester, implying that the ethyl ester would require more energy (slower reaction rate) to activate a molecule for chemical transformation. The reusability of the catalyst for continuous transesterfication runs was investigated under the same operating conditions, and the conversion of the catalyst declined from 99.6 percent to 86.4 percent after the fifth regeneration cycle. Jansa seed oil has the potential to be a valuable raw source for generating fatty oil for the use as an alternate feedstock in the production of biodiesel.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Kinetics and Transesterification of the Oil Obtained from <i>Cussonia bateri</i> (Jansa Seed) as a Step in Biodiesel Production Using Natural Heterogeneous Catalyst

Okonkwo¹,

Ajiwe²,

Obiadi³

et al. 2021

WJAC

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“…The increase in annealing temperature promotes the reduction of the peak at 365 cm − 1 , which is an evidence of Ca(OH) 2 decomposition to CaO. Also, the appearance of the peak at 970 cm − 1 (*) with the increase of annealing temperature shows the increase of CaO phase [34,35]. No peaks of Fe 3 O 4 are observed in the samples, but the broadening of the peak from 678 cm − 1 to > 700 cm − 1 can be explained due to incorporation of maghemite phase (*) in the structure [36,37].…”

Section: Raman Spectramentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Above 120 min reaction time, the BD yield suffered a decline, maintaining 75.00% at 180 min. The loss in catalytic activity is because of secondary reactions that could facilitate hydrolysis (dissolution of glycerol in methanol) [33], [34]. Hence, 120 min was selected as the best suitable reaction time to achieve the best BD yield.…”

Section: Effect Of Reaction Time On the Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Reusable CaO/Fe3O4 Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Alemán-Ramirez

Reyes-Vallejo

Okoye

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Predominantly CaO derived from eggshell was mixed with Fe3O4 by ball milling for 3 hours (h) followed by annealing at different temperatures (200-1000 oC) for 2 h to produce a magnetic catalyst. The catalyst was deployed to synthesis biodiesel via transesterification reaction. The catalysts characterization result from the X-ray diffraction and Raman analysis revealed that the increasing annealing temperature facilitated the oxidation of Fe3O4 to maghemite (Fe2O3) phase. Also, increasing temperature lead to a decrease in the catalyst surface area due to the increasing ridgity and loss of pores. Under optimal conditions of 65 oC, methanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, 4 wt.% catalyst loading, 95.5% biodiesel yield can be achieved under 120 min reaction time. The catalyst could be reused for seven times with minimal loss in catalytic activity. The synthesized biodiesel satisfactorily complied with the international standards of ASTM-D-6751 and EN-14214.

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“…Solid base catalysts are easily poisoned by CO 2 and H 2 O in the environment during the practical application. [47,50] Therefore, solid base catalysts need inert gas protection during storage and reactor loading, which limits their commercial application. Here, yttrium was introduced into the CaO@LiFe 5 O 8 catalyst to improve the stability of the catalyst.…”

Section: Antiair Poison and Reusabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

(CaO‐Y₂O₃)@LiFe₅O₈ magnetic catalyst by doping yttrium for improving stability: Optimized by response surface methodology for biodiesel production

Chen

Yue

Zhang

et al. 2019

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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In this work, CaO@LiFe 5 O 8 and (CaO-Y 2 O 3 )@LiFe 5 O 8 solid base catalysts were synthesized using LiFe 5 O 8 as the magnetic core to support the active centers. The as-prepared catalysts and commercial CaO were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscope, and CO 2 -temperatureprogrammed desorption techniques. The results indicated that CaO@LiFe 5 O 8 and (CaO-Y 2 O 3 )@LiFe 5 O 8 solid base catalysts, which could be recycled under the external magnetic field because of their strong magnetism, exhibited better dispersibility and higher total number of basic sites compared with commercial CaO. Additional water and oleic acid were added to the reaction system of palm oil with methanol, and the catalyst was exposed to air to detect its stability in the reaction process. The experiments showed that the (CaO-Y 2 O 3 ) @LiFe 5 O 8 solid base catalyst performed better and possessed not only good water resistance ability but also preferable tolerance to air exposure. In addition, response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the process parameters for the synthesis of biodiesel from palm oil and methanol in the presence of (CaO-Y 2 O 3 )@LiFe 5 O 8 . The optimum process conditions were determined as follows: reaction temperature was 64.96 C, reaction time 4.36 hr, methanol: oil 13, catalyst amount 3.73%, and the highest biodiesel yield reached 96.21%. K E Y W O R D Sbase catalyst, biodiesel, magnetism, response surface methodology, transesterification

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Fe3O4 nanoparticles impregnated eggshell as a novel catalyst for enhanced biodiesel production

Cited by 54 publications

References 36 publications

Kinetics and Transesterification of the Oil Obtained from <i>Cussonia bateri</i> (Jansa Seed) as a Step in Biodiesel Production Using Natural Heterogeneous Catalyst

Kinetics and Transesterification of the Oil Obtained from <i>Cussonia bateri</i> (Jansa Seed) as a Step in Biodiesel Production Using Natural Heterogeneous Catalyst

Development of a Reusable CaO/Fe3O4 Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

(CaO‐Y₂O₃)@LiFe₅O₈ magnetic catalyst by doping yttrium for improving stability: Optimized by response surface methodology for biodiesel production

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Fe3O4 nanoparticles impregnated eggshell as a novel catalyst for enhanced biodiesel production

Cited by 54 publications

References 36 publications

Kinetics and Transesterification of the Oil Obtained from &lt;i&gt;Cussonia bateri&lt;/i&gt; (Jansa Seed) as a Step in Biodiesel Production Using Natural Heterogeneous Catalyst

Kinetics and Transesterification of the Oil Obtained from &lt;i&gt;Cussonia bateri&lt;/i&gt; (Jansa Seed) as a Step in Biodiesel Production Using Natural Heterogeneous Catalyst

Development of a Reusable CaO/Fe3O4 Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

(CaO‐Y2O3)@LiFe5O8 magnetic catalyst by doping yttrium for improving stability: Optimized by response surface methodology for biodiesel production

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Kinetics and Transesterification of the Oil Obtained from <i>Cussonia bateri</i> (Jansa Seed) as a Step in Biodiesel Production Using Natural Heterogeneous Catalyst

Kinetics and Transesterification of the Oil Obtained from <i>Cussonia bateri</i> (Jansa Seed) as a Step in Biodiesel Production Using Natural Heterogeneous Catalyst

(CaO‐Y₂O₃)@LiFe₅O₈ magnetic catalyst by doping yttrium for improving stability: Optimized by response surface methodology for biodiesel production