Objective
Fear of movement has important clinical implications for individuals with osteoarthritis. This study aimed to establish a brief fear of movement scale for use in osteoarthritis. Items from the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) were examined.
Methods
The English version of the TSK was examined in a community-based sample (N=1,136) of individuals with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to determine the number and content of the dimensions of fear of movement. Factorial invariance was tested across subgroups of gender, race, education, and osteoarthritis severity. Convergent validity with measures of pain, physical functioning, and psychological functioning was examined.
Results
Factor analyses identified a single factor 6-item scale that measures activity avoidance due to pain-related fear of movement (confirmatory factor analysis indices of model fit: RMSEA=.04; SRMR=.01; CFI=.99; TLI=.99). The 6-item scale demonstrated factorial invariance across gender, race, levels of education, and osteoarthritis severity suggesting that this scale performs consistently across diverse groups of individuals with osteoarthritis. Convergent validity with measures of pain (β=.30 to .41), physical functioning (β=.44 to .48), and psychological functioning (β=.36 to .37) was also demonstrated.
Conclusion
The brief fear of movement scale identified in this study provides a promising and valid approach for assessing fear of movement in individuals with osteoarthritis. This brief scale demonstrated several important strengths including a small number of items, sound psychometric properties, and consistent performance across diverse groups of individuals with osteoarthritis.