2015
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.11.006
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Fear-potentiated startle during extinction is associated with white matter microstructure and functional connectivity

Abstract: Background Extinction of conditioned fear is an associative learning process that involves communication among the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Strength of connectivity between the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), may influence fear-potentiated startle (FPS) responses during extinction. Specific white matter tracts, the cingulum and uncinate fasciculus (UF), serve as primary routes of communication … Show more

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Cited by 56 publications
(53 citation statements)
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“…These alterations correspond with the behavioral observations of increased fear reactivity (Fani et al, 2015), attentional biases towards threat (Fani et al, 2015; Troller-Renfree, McDermott, Nelson, Zeanah, & Fox, 2015) and difficulty with affect-related regulation (Tottenham et al, 2010) following significant stress exposure. What these exposures have in common is that they were experienced during a time of rapid brain development and are all threats to survival.…”
Section: Amygdala-pfc Circuitry Developmentsupporting
confidence: 83%
“…These alterations correspond with the behavioral observations of increased fear reactivity (Fani et al, 2015), attentional biases towards threat (Fani et al, 2015; Troller-Renfree, McDermott, Nelson, Zeanah, & Fox, 2015) and difficulty with affect-related regulation (Tottenham et al, 2010) following significant stress exposure. What these exposures have in common is that they were experienced during a time of rapid brain development and are all threats to survival.…”
Section: Amygdala-pfc Circuitry Developmentsupporting
confidence: 83%
“…There was no association between symptoms and vACC habituation to neutral stimuli, suggesting that the effect was specific to threat stimuli. This was not a finding that we hypothesized, but is interesting given that PTSD is associated with difficulties in regulating arousal (49, 50), and impairments in fear extinction (6, 51), processes that are both mediated by neurons within the vACC (infralimbic cortex in rodents) and their connections with the amygdala (3, 35, 36, 52). Although the current findings regarding ACC habituation are exploratory in nature, it is possible that faster habituation of ACC responses to fearful stimuli may reflect an inability to maintain top-town regulatory control of emotional responses to fearful stimuli, which is predictive of poor recovery trajectories.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 65%
“…One process is extinction of learned fear, a type of learning that is thought to be impaired in PTSD, and which is thought to rely on the quality of connections between medial prefrontal and limbic (i.e., amygdala and hippocampal) regions (50). In fact, emerging evidence suggests that cingulum connectivity is inversely associated with the magnitude of fear-potentiated startle response during extinction learning (51). However, the role of hippocampal-prefrontal connectivity has also been highlighted in working memory, contextual memory, and reward learning (52), all of which are functions known to be altered in psychiatric disorders such as PTSD, depression, and schizophrenia.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%