Fear Potentiation and Fear Inhibition in a Human Fear-Potentiated Startle Paradigm

Jovanović, Tanja; Keyes, Megan; Fiallos, Ana M.; Myers, Karyn M.; Davis, Michael; Duncan, Erica

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.025

Cited by 134 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Thus the AB trials are referred to as conditioned inhibition test trials and indicate the ability to transfer safety to a danger cue. Consistent with these predictions, we have found greater startle magnitude in the presence of AX vs. BX and in the presence of AX vs. AB (Jovanovic et al, 2005).…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

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Contingency awareness and fear inhibition in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

Jovanović¹,

Norrholm²,

Keyes³

et al. 2006

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Fear-potentiated startle is defined as an increase in the magnitude of the startle reflex in the presence of a stimulus that was previously paired with an aversive event. It has been proposed that a subject's awareness of the contingencies in the experiment may affect fear-potentiated startle. The authors adapted a conditional discrimination procedure (AX+/BX−), previously validated in animals, to a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm in 50 healthy volunteers. This paradigm allows for an assessment of fear-potentiated startle during threat conditions as well as inhibition of fear-potentiated startle during safety conditions. A response keypad was used to assess contingency awareness on a trial-by-trial basis. Both aware and unaware subjects showed fearpotentiated startle. However, awareness was related to stimulus discrimination and fear inhibition.

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supporting

confidence: 88%

“…The startle data were used from a paradigm designed to test fear inhibition (see Jovanovic et al, 2005) and used more stimuli combinations than will be discussed here. The session began with a 1-min acclimation period consisting of 70-dB(A) SPL broadband noise, which continued as the background noise throughout the session.…”

Section: Startle Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contingency awareness and fear inhibition in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

Jovanović¹,

Norrholm²,

Keyes³

et al. 2006

Behavioral Neuroscience

Self Cite

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“…In any case, it must be noted that most previous studies conducted in this area do not provide a direct test of differences in inhibition learning (see Mineka & Oehlberg, 2008). Recently, new experimental methods have been developed (Jovanovic et al, 2005;Kindt & Soeter, 2014), which can assess the independent contributions of fear excitation and fear inhibition, although, to our knowledge, they have not been tested in GAD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditioned Fear Acquisition and Generalization in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

et al. 2015

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Abnormal fear conditioning processes (including fear acquisition and conditioned fear-generalization) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Previous research has shown that individuals with panic disorder present enhanced conditioned fear-generalization in comparison to healthy controls. Enhanced conditioned fear-generalization could also characterize generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but research so far is inconclusive. An important confounding factor in previous research is comorbidity. The present study examined conditioned fear-acquisition and fear-generalization in 28 patients with GAD and 30 healthy controls using a recently developed fear acquisition and generalization paradigm assessing fear-potentiated startle and online expectancies of the unconditioned stimulus. Analyses focused on GAD patients without comorbidity but included also patients with comorbid anxiety disorders. Patients and controls did not differ as regards fear acquisition. However, contrary to our hypothesis, both groups did not differ either in most indexes of conditioned fear-generalization.Moreover, dimensional measures of GAD symptoms were not correlated with conditioned fear-generalization indexes. Similar results were obtained for patients with comorbidity.These results suggest that conditioned fear-generalization is not enhanced in GAD. Results are discussed with special attention to the possible effects of comorbidity on fear learning abnormalities.

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“…Davis and Grillon then went on to further show that FPS is altered in several psychopathologies related to aberrant anxiety states including panic disorder (Grillon et al, 1994a), PTSD (Morgan et al, 1995a(Morgan et al, , 1996. An important leap forward in the field of safety learning and its translational aspects was therefore the description of FPS as a measure of fear inhibition resulting from safety learning in a human conditional discrimination paradigm (Jovanovic et al, 2005). This study translates a discrimination procedure in rats based on earlier learning theory experiments (Rescorla, 1971;Wagner et al, 1968) to humans and sets the basis for examining the role and potential alterations of learned safety in patients with affective disorders using FPS as a tool for objective assessment of the safety response.…”

Section: Translational Aspects and Potential Applications In Clinicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, impaired safety learning presumably shares aspects of the behavior described in criterion D, hyperarousal (specifically point 4 'Hypervigilance' and point 5 'Exaggerated startle response'), as the inability to properly respond to safety cues can lead to hypervigilance (Jovanovic et al, 2009;Jovanovic et al, 2010) and learned safety acts to reduce auditory FPS responses (see, eg, Jovanovic et al, 2005;Jovanovic et al, 2013). The fact that fear extinction and safety learning seem to model different symptomatological aspects of PTSD can be explained by their distinct neurobiological features, including neural circuitry and molecular signaling involved and suggests the two paradigms as complementing animal models in PTSD basic and translational research.…”

Section: Translational Aspects and Potential Applications In Clinicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning not to Fear: Neural Correlates of Learned Safety

Kong

Monje

Hirsch

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The ability to recognize and properly respond to instances of protection from impending danger is critical for preventing chronic stress and anxiety-central symptoms of anxiety and affective disorders afflicting large populations of people. Learned safety encompasses learning processes, which lead to the identification of episodes of security and regulation of fear responses. On the basis of insights into the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms involved in learned safety in mice and humans, we describe learned safety as a tool for understanding neural mechanisms involved in the pathomechanisms of specific affective disorders. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the neurobiological underpinnings of learned safety and discusses potential applications in basic and translational neurosciences.

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Fear Potentiation and Fear Inhibition in a Human Fear-Potentiated Startle Paradigm

Cited by 134 publications

References 16 publications

Contingency awareness and fear inhibition in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

Contingency awareness and fear inhibition in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

Conditioned Fear Acquisition and Generalization in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Learning not to Fear: Neural Correlates of Learned Safety

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