Fear‐threat appeals in mass communication: An apparent contradiction

Kraus, Sidney; El‐Assal, Elaine; Fleur, Melvin L. De

doi:10.1080/03637756609375477

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Il faut ajouter à cela que les mesures utilisées pour tester le caractère persuasif des messages varient fortement d'une étude à l'autre (attitude, mémorisation, intention, comportement...). Enfin, les contextes des études menées sont très variés (Rotfeld, 1988) : hygiène dentaire (Dembroski, Lasater et Ramirez, 1978 ;Evans et alii, 1970 ;Janis et Feshback, 1953, 1954Leventhal et Singer, 1966), choix d'une assurance-vie (Wheatley et Oshikawa, 1970), sécurité routière (Berkowitz et Cottingham, 1960 ;Leventhal et Niles, 1964), vaccin contre le tétanos (Dabbs et Leventhal, 1966 ;Leventhal, Jones et Trembly, 1966), prévention des comportements tabagiques (Beck et Davis, 1978 ;Insko, Arkoff et Insko, 1965 ;Janis et Terwilliger, 1962 ;Spelman et Ley, 1966), protection des yeux avant une éclipse solaire (Kraus, El-Assal et DeFleur, 1966), mutuelle santé (Burnett, 1981 ;Burnett et Oliver, 1979), sida (Witte, 1994), drogue (Chu, 1966),... Certains comportements sont addictifs (alcool, drogue), d'autres non (sécurité routière, préservatif) ; certains sont le fruit d'une pression sociale forte (tabac, alcool, cannabis), d'autres non (vaccin, assurance vie) ; certains sont très dangereux (tabac = cancer, sida), d'autres non (hygiène dentaire)... Toutes ces différences posent un problème épistémologique : est-il possible de tirer une conclusion valide en partant L'utilisation de la peur dans un contexte de marketing social : état de l'art, limites et voies de recherche 45 de travaux menés dans des contextes et dans des conditions aussi variés ? D'autres chercheurs remettent en cause la validité interne et externe des études décrites plus haut (Rotfeld, 1988 ;Hastings, Stead et Webb, 2004).…”

Section: Critiques Et Limites De Ces Recherchesunclassified

L'utilisation de la peur dans un contexte de marketing social: état de l'art, limites et voies de recherche

Gallopel-Morvan

2006

Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition)

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Cet article propose de faire le point sur le thème de l'utilisation de la peur dans les campagnes de marketing social. Dans un premier temps, les conclusions des méta-analyses, les principaux modèles théoriques qui en découlent et leurs limites seront détaillés. Dans un deuxième temps, la présentation d'études récentes ouvrira sur les nombreuses pistes de recherche qui restent à approfondir et à explorer.

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Section: Critiques Et Limites De Ces Recherchesunclassified

L'utilisation de la peur dans un contexte de marketing social: état de l'art, limites et voies de recherche

Gallopel-Morvan

2006

Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition)

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“…This same consideration may be a reason for the importance of differences in subjects. Subjects of wide age and education-level Berkowitz & Cottingham (1960), Cohen (1957), Dabbs & Leventhal (1966), Duke (1967), Frandsen (1963), Gollob & Dittes (1965), Leventhal & Niles (1965), Leventhal & Perloe (1962), , Leventhal et al (1967), Millman (1968), Robbins (1962aRobbins ( , 1962b, Stern et al (1965) Hewgill & Miller (1965, Janis & Milholland (1954), Janis & Terwilliger (1962), Kraus et al (1966), , Powell (1965), Powell & Miller (1967) Leventhal & Niles (1964, Leventhal & Singer (1966), Leventhal & Watts (1966), Nunnally & Bobren (1959) Fischer et al (1967, Goldstein (1959), Insko et al (1965), Janis & Feshbach (1953), Janis & Feshbach (1954), Leventhal & Trembly (1968) Moltz & Thistlethwaite (1955 DeWolfe & Governdale (1964( ) Chu (1966 ranges may differ in their knowledge concerning any given topic (although it was found above they do not seem to differ in their perceived familiarity with the topics). For example, Cannel and MacDonald (1956) found that education level interacts with smoking habits in the perception of the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most of the recent studies in the area have found a positive relationship between fear and persuasion. Studies finding that strong fear is more effective than weak fear have involved such diverse topics as dental hygiene practices (Haefner, 196S;Leventhal & Singer, 1966;Singer, 1965), smoking (Insko, Arkoff, & Insko, 1965;Leventhal & Niles, 1964;Leventhal & Watts, 1966;Leventhal, Watts, & Pagano, 1967;Niles, 1964;Snider, 1962), tetanus inoculations (Dabbs & Leventhal, 1966;Kornzweig, 1968;Leventhal, Jones, & Trembly, 1966;, safe-driving practices (Berkowitz & Cottingham, 1960;Leventhal & Niles, 1965), fallout shelters (Hewgill & Miller, 1965;Miller & Hewgill, 1966;Powell, 1965), tuberculosis (DeWolfe & Governdale, 1964), roundworms (Chu, 1966), proper viewing of the sun during an eclipse (Kraus, El-Assal, & DeFleur, 1966), and even the use of stairway handrails for safety (Piccolino, 1966).…”

Section: High Threat Versus Low Threatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifteen years of fear arousal: Research on threat appeals: 1953-1968.

Higbee

1969

Psychological Bulletin

263

121

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Research on threat appeals has yielded conflicting findings concerning the relative effectiveness of high threat versus low threat in persuasion. Studies reviewed here have investigated the effects on persuasion of variables in each of five areas: (a) the nature of the recommendations, (6) personality characteristics of the recipients, (c) source credibility, (d) learning of the message content, and (e) the interest value of fear. Few variables have been found which consistently interact with fear. One conceptual consideration and four methodological considerations are suggested as possible sources of the inconsistency in the findings. A postulated curvilinear relationship between fear level and persuasion may help reconcile some of the conflicting findings on highversus low-threat appeals.

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“…Different Outcomes: There is a wide variety of practice in this area, some measuring attitude post-appeal [106,156], attitude & behavioral intention [145], attitude & behavior [84] or attitude, intention & behavioral outcomes [32,142]. With respect to behavior, some rely on self report [89] while others measure actual behavioral outcomes [142]. This makes it difficult to compare the efficacy of fear appeals across different studies.…”

Section: Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyber security fear appeals

Renaud

Dupuis

2019

Proceedings of the New Security Paradigms Workshop

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Cyber security researchers are starting to experiment with fear appeals, with a wide variety of designs and reported efficaciousness. This makes it hard to derive recommendations for designing and deploying these interventions. We thus reviewed the wider fear appeal literature to arrive at a set of guidelines to assist cyber security researchers. Our review revealed a degree of dissent about whether or not fear appeals are indeed helpful and advisable. Our review also revealed a wide range of fear appeal experimental designs, in both cyber and other domains, which confirms the need for some standardized guidelines to inform practice in this respect. We propose a protocol for carrying out fear appeal experiments, and we review a sample of cyber security fear appeal studies, via this lens, to provide a snapshot of the current state of play. We hope the proposed experimental protocol will prove helpful to those who wish to engage in future cyber security fear appeal research. CCS CONCEPTS• Security and privacy → Social aspects of security and privacy; Usability in security and privacy; • Applied computing → Psychology; Sociology.

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Fear‐threat appeals in mass communication: An apparent contradiction

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

L'utilisation de la peur dans un contexte de marketing social: état de l'art, limites et voies de recherche

L'utilisation de la peur dans un contexte de marketing social: état de l'art, limites et voies de recherche

Fifteen years of fear arousal: Research on threat appeals: 1953-1968.

Cyber security fear appeals

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