Fears as attitudes: Experimental reduction of fear through reinforcement.

Suinn, Richard M.; Jorgensen, Gerald T.; Stewart, S T; McGuirk, Frank D.

doi:10.1037/h0031977

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Further, the terminal anxiety decrements indicated that all groups were experiencing at least moderate emotional arousal while performing their most advanced approach responses at the posttreatment assessment. The failure of subjective anxiety scales to reflect significant changes at the end of treatment has also been reported by Lang and Lazovik (1963) and Suinn, Jorgensen, Stewart, and McGuirk (1971).…”

Section: Anxiety Decrements As a Function Oj Level Of Approach Responsesmentioning

confidence: 65%

Transfer, behavioral improvement, and anxiety reduction in systematic desensitization.

Kennedy¹,

Kimura²

1974

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Section: Anxiety Decrements As a Function Oj Level Of Approach Responsesmentioning

confidence: 65%

Transfer, behavioral improvement, and anxiety reduction in systematic desensitization.

Kennedy¹,

Kimura²

1974

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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“…Marks and Gelder (1967) have shown that with aversion therapy, one can change attitudes toward deviant sexual objects from "highly positive" to neutral or even "moderately negative." Thus, while Suinn et al (1971) are to be congratulated for initiating research on this topic, one could conclude that their emphasis was misplaced. The changing of attitudes by the techniques of behavior modification is the more important aspect of this research area.…”

Section: Theoretical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critique of "Fears as attitudes."

Blanchard¹,

Elkin²

1973

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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The recently published study by Suinn, Jorgensen, Stewart, and McGuirk on the proposition that "fears are attitudes" is criticized on two grounds: (a) inadequate and incorrect data analysis and (b) unjustified conclusions drawn from the results. It is further shown that the converse of their proposition, namely, that attitudes are like fears, has more heuristic value and several important implications for social psychology.

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“…This stance is not shared by the present author. Blanchard and Elkin (1973) have criticized the Suinn, Jorgensen, Stewart, and McGuirk (1971) research on statistical and theoretical grounds. This rejoinder systematically evaluates each of the criticisms.Blanchard and Elkin offered alternatives to the statistical analyses employed in the original research and drew alternative conclusions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rejoinder to "A critique of 'Fears as attitudes.' "

Suinn¹

1973

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Blanchard and Elkin employed alternative statistical procedures to those of Suinn, Jorgensen, Stewart, and McGuirk and arrived at different conclusions. The legitimacy of the original analysis is reasserted, and some problems with the alternatives are pointed out. Blanchard and Elkin wrote from a theoretical position which favors studying social psychological problems rather than clinical problems. This stance is not shared by the present author. Blanchard and Elkin (1973) have criticized the Suinn, Jorgensen, Stewart, and McGuirk (1971) research on statistical and theoretical grounds. This rejoinder systematically evaluates each of the criticisms.Blanchard and Elkin offered alternatives to the statistical analyses employed in the original research and drew alternative conclusions. Their first point was that the absolute magnitude of change in approach scores was lower for the experimental group than for the control group, C-2; presumably, this discrepancy in scores supports their conclusion that within-group differences were larger than between-group differences. This conclusion, however, is based only on inspection, not statistical testing. Reexamination of Table 1 in the original article (p. 275) shows that the more sophisticated inference on po demonstrated that statistically significant changes occurred only for the experimental group and not for the control samples.Blanchard and Elkin proceeded to cite / values for the control groups, C-2 and C-l, suggesting that both values are "significant" by a one-tailed test. Ordinarily, of course, one-tailed tests are not used in examining data on control groups where the experimenter cannot predict whether systematic, directional changes will occur. Some confusion may have been generated by an error in the original article. In Table 1 of that article, all / tests were said to be one-tailed. In fact, a onetailed test was used only for the experimental groups, as justified by the directional predictions which had been made for those groups.

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Fears as attitudes: Experimental reduction of fear through reinforcement.

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

Transfer, behavioral improvement, and anxiety reduction in systematic desensitization.

Transfer, behavioral improvement, and anxiety reduction in systematic desensitization.

A critique of "Fears as attitudes."

Rejoinder to "A critique of 'Fears as attitudes.' "

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