This paper reviews systems and techniques to deliver simultaneous thermoradiotherapy of breast cancer. It first covers the clinical implementation of simultaneous delivery of superficial (microwave or ultrasound) hyperthermia and external photon beam radiotherapy, first using a Co-60 teletherapy unit and later medical linear accelerators. The parallel development and related studies of the SURLAS, an advanced system specifically designed and developed for simultaneous thermoradiotherapy, follows. The performance characteristics of the SURLAS are reviewed and power limitation problems at high acoustic frequencies (> 3MHz) are discussed along with potential solutions. Next, the feasibility of simultaneous SURLAS hyperthermia and IMRT/IGRT is established based on published and newly presented studies. Finally, based on the encouraging clinical results thus far, it is concluded that new trials employing the latest technologies are warranted along with further developments in treatment planning.
Keywordsbreast; cancer; chest wall; heat; hyperthermia; radiation therapy; radiotherapy; radiosensitization; recurrence; thermoradiotherapy; simultaneous; ultrasound; intensity modulated
Hyperthermia and CancerConventional hyperthermia in cancer therapy can be defined as the elevation of tissue temperatures to 41~43°C for more than 30 minutes. Hyperthermia is typically used as an adjunct therapy to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy [1][2][3][4][5]. Many well-conducted clinical trials, including phase III multi-institutional trials following quality assurance guidelines, have shown that hyperthermia can significantly increase both local tumor control rates and duration of local control in tumors that recur or persist after surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy [6][7][8][9]. Furthermore, hyperthermia has been shown beneficial in the treatment of residual microscopic disease in the management of local-regional breast cancer [10], in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas preoperatively with radiation [11], and in the treatment of deep pelvic tumors [12,13]. A significant survival benefit was also reported when hyperthermia was combined with brachytherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme [14] and with external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of recurrent head and neck cancer [15].
NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript
NIH-PA Author ManuscriptIn fact, when clinical trials have been conducted under widely accepted quality assurance guidelines-which implies matching the heating technology to the target site along with the implementation of a reasonable thermometry strategy-radiotherapy plus hyperthermia has always resulted in statistically better outcomes than radiotherapy alone [16].
Thermoradiotherapy of Breast CancerPatients with persistent and/or recurrent breast cancer and chest wall tumors have significantly benefited when hyperthermia has been added to their radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy regimens [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. One of the physical reasons for the success of hyp...