Feasibility of extraocular stimulation for a retinal prosthesis

Development of an extraocular retinal prosthesis: Evaluation of stimulation parameters in the cat

“…Recently, an extraocular approach to developing a retinal prosthesis has been proposed. 21,22 An extraocular retinal prosthesis (ERP) incorporates electrodes that are placed on the outer scleral surface of the eye (Fig. 1).…”

Spatial characteristics of evoked potentials elicited by a MEMS microelectrode array for suprachoroidal-transretinal stimulation in a rabbit

“…Currently, several approaches have been developed to stimulate the retina: epi-retinal [1,3,4], sub-retinal [2,5,8], and suprachoroidal-transretinal stimulation (STS) [6,7,15]; epi-scleral stimulation [16] has also been studied. Among these approaches, STS has its stimulating electrodes inserted into the suprachoroidal space to avoid direct manipulation of the delicate neural retina, and utilizes the adhesion between the sclera and the choroid to achieve in vivo stabilization of the electrode array.…”

Development of surgical techniques for implantation of a wireless intraocular epiretinal retina implant in Göttingen minipigs

“…In order to restore vision in RP patients, different approaches to the development of electronic visual retinal prostheses are currently being investigated, which comprise epiretinal [6,[9][10][11][12][13], subretinal [14][15][16], transchoroidal [17], and episcleral [18] systems.…”