g standard specific gravitational force, 9⋅80665Nkg -1 J advance ratio of propeller, U/(nd prop ) k constant L length of hull or streamlined body, m M empty empty mass, kg M eng total engine mass, kg M fuel fuel mass, kg M gross gross mass of airship, kg M load disposable load, kg M hull hull mass, kg M p propulsion system mass, kg THE AERONAUTICAL JOURNAL