Feasibility of time‐restricted eating in individuals with overweight, obesity, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes: A systematic scoping review

Abstract

Objective This systematic scoping review aimed to map and synthesize research on feasibility of time‐restricted eating (TRE) in individuals with overweight, obesity, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes, including recruitment rate, retention rate, safety, adherence, and participants' attitudes, experiences, and perspectives. Methods The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature from inception to November 22, 2022, supplemented by backward and forward citation search. Results From 4219 identified records, 28 studies were included. In general, recruitment was easy and median retention rate was 95% among studies with <12 weeks duration and 89% among studies ≥12 weeks. Median (range) adherence to the target eating window for studies <12 and ≥12 weeks was 89% (75%–98%) and 81% (47%–93%), respectively. Variation in adherence among participants and studies was considerable, indicating that following TRE was difficult for some people and that intervention conditions influenced adherence. These findings were supported by qualitative data synthetized from seven studies, and determinants of adherence included calorie‐free beverages outside the eating window, provision of support, and influence on the eating window. No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions TRE is implementable, acceptable, and safe in populations with overweight, obesity, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes, but it should be accompanied by support and options for individual adjustments.

Multigenerational diabetes mellitus

“…Furthermore, pre-pregnancy adherence to Mediterranean diet also decreases the risk of developing GDM, regardless of weight and other risk factors, in particular, avoidance of pre-conception consumption of processed and fatty meats ( 141 , 142 ). “Before the Beginning”, an RCT of preconception lifestyle intervention that is currently ongoing, is examining the effect of time-restricted eating and exercise on maternal glucose tolerance at 28 weeks gestation ( 143 ).Time-restricted eating has been demonstrated to be a feasible lifestyle intervention in those with obesity and T2D outside of pregnancy ( 144 ), however adherence in pregnancy may be more challenging outside of the more intensive support offered during an RCT.…”

Design and Rationale of Prolonged Nightly Fasting for Multiple Myeloma Prevention (PROFAST): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

“…Fasting, as a practice, developed independently among different people groups and religions (eg, Ramadan in Islam) around the world [ 94 ], and intermittent fasting has become one of the most common dietary patterns reported in the United States [ 95 ]. Prolonged nightly fasting is attractive because of its simplicity and feasibility, as supported by evidence from clinical trials of time-restricted eating strategies [ 16 , 23 ], and, thus, may be a potentially effective disease prevention strategy at the population level [ 16 ].…”

“…The PROlonged nightly FASTing (PROFAST) study is a randomized controlled pilot trial investigating the clinical benefit of a 4-month prolonged nightly fasting regimen in individuals with overweight or obesity with MGUS, those with SMM, and those with smoldering Waldenström macroglobulinemia (SWM). The intervention is supported by evidence that prolonged nighttime fasting is not only a simple and sustainable behavior change [ 16 , 23 ] but also improves metabolism and body weight regulation [ 24 - 29 ]. Here, we describe the study design, rationale, and framework for assessing the potential clinical significance of a low-risk, cost-effective lifestyle intervention in patients with MM precursor conditions.…”

Randomised controlled trial of preconception lifestyle intervention on maternal and offspring health in people with increased risk of gestational diabetes: study protocol for the BEFORE THE BEGINNING trial

“…[24][25][26] TRE is a safe and feasible intervention in individuals with overweight, obesity, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes. 27 It has been shown to improve glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity, and reduce appetite, hunger, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and total body and fat mass in this population. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] While data on the effects of TRE in pregnancy are scarce, observational data suggest that longer maternal night-fasting intervals are associated with decreased fasting glucose.…”