“…Friction stir lap welding of dissimilar alloys such as Al-to Al, Al-to-steel, Al-to-Ti or Al-to-Cu is also of enormous significance in many industries and many research activities have been done for investigating such dissimilar weldments (Abdollah-Zadeh et al, 2008;Akbari et al, 2016;Aliha et al, 2016Aliha et al, , 2017Aonuma & Nakata, 2011;Jiang & Kovacevic; In this paper, we focus on an example of friction stir lap welding (FSLW) of one metallic alloy to another with considerably higher melting temperature -FSLW of Al-steel and Al-Ti. It is well known that fusion welding of Al-to-steel and AlTi is very challenging (Taban et al, 2010;Liedl et al, 2011).…”