Hydrogen is expected to become a commonly used energy carrier on the global scale in the near future. However, hydrogen as a fuel is environmentally friendly only when generated from water using renewable energy, such as solar energy. Therefore, intensive research aims to develop a new generation of solar materials, which may be used for the production of hydrogen fuel from water using solar energy. The highly promising candidates for solar energy conversion are photosensitive oxide semiconductors (POSs), particularly the TiO 2 -based semiconductors, which may be used for converting solar energy into the chemical energy required for hydrogen generation from water, as well as water purification (removal of microbial agents and toxic contaminants from water). The present work considers an R&D strategy for developing TiO 2 -based systems capable of converting solar energy into the chemical energy via water oxidation. The effect of surface versus bulk semiconducting properties on the performance of POSs is considered in terms of partial and total water oxidation. The progress requires modification of the key performance-related properties (KPPs) in order to enhance the light-induced reactivity of the POSs with water. The most recent approach in the development of POSs with enhanced performance is deposition of metallic islets of different size and shape in order to induce a plasmonic effect. The development of high-performance POSs can be achieved through a multidisciplinary approach. It is shown that defect disorder has a critical effect on the lightinduced reactivity of POSs and the solar energy conversion. Therefore, defect engineering may be applied in the development of high-performance POSs. This work considers the hurdles in the development of high-performance POSs for specific applications and formulates the key questions that must be addressed to overcome these hurdles. The concepts developed for TiO 2 may be expanded for other metal oxides.
AbbreviationsAES Auger electron spectrometry EC Electrical conductivity ECE Energy conversion efficiency EMF Electromotive force ERDA Elastic coil detection analysis FBP Flat band potential IPHE International partnership for hydrogen economy KPP Key performance-related property LEED Low energy electron diffraction LEIS Low energy ion scattering spectroscopy LSPR Localised surface plasmon resonance NRA Nuclear reaction analysis PALS Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy PEC Photoelectrochemical cell PIXE Particle-induced X-ray emission POS Photosensitive oxide semiconductor PSP Propagating surface plasmon PV Photovoltaic RBS Rutherford backscattering SES Sustainable energy systems SIMS Secondary ion mass spectrometry