“…Since these assessments can be time-consuming and destructive, they are usually performed offline on a very small sample cut from the produced film (Gosselin et al, 2009;Łukasik & Stachowiak, 2020). Alternatively, since defects can have a significant impact on the quality of polymeric products, attribute-based defect detection is used to evaluate the quality of polymers (Altarazi, 2018;Shen et al, 2022). Practically, defect detection is a proven method for reducing the negative impact of product defects (Ravimal et al, 2020).…”