Feature selection in GC-MS, NMR and MALDI-TOF spectra of tar sand bitumen

Influence of Various Rock Types on the Recovery of Heavy Hydrocarbons by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

“…Heavy oil is defined as oil with a density greater than1 g/cm3. However, even bitumen extracted from oil sands can float on the surface of the water, being in a semisolid state due to its lower density than that of water [4]. Another characterization of heavy oil is the viscosity above 10 cP.…”

“…Although 95 countries reported heavy oil deposits, there were few projects for such deposits. Significant deposits of oil sands are at various stages of development in Canada, Venezuela, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Mongolia and other countries [4]. Exploration and development of tight oil and oil shale is mainly concentrated in North America, while interest in such deposits is growing rapidly in China [5] Attempts to extend the criteria for evaluating success stories, obtained from the practical experience in one unconventional field to another, have not proved their worth [3].…”

“…Exploration and development of tight oil and oil shale is mainly concentrated in North America, while interest in such deposits is growing rapidly in China [5] Attempts to extend the criteria for evaluating success stories, obtained from the practical experience in one unconventional field to another, have not proved their worth [3]. Many elements of unconventional reservoirs, whether related to the properties of hydrocarbons or reservoir rocks, can cause discrepancies between expectations and results [4]. Hydrocarbon production from unconventional resources is limited by either high oil viscosity or low permeability, or both [6].…”