“…In contrast, bacterial genera concerned with the anaerobic degradation of xenobiotics include Azoarcus, Clostridium, Desulfotomaculum, Desulfovibrio, Geobacter, Methanococcus, Methanosaeta, Pelotomaculum, Syntrophobacter, Syntrophus, and Thauera (Jindrova et al, 2002;Van Hamme Jonathan et al, 2003;Kulkarni and Chaudhari, 2007;Weelink et al, 2010;Sangwan and Dukare, 2018) The remediation of extremely persistent and xenobiotic water and soil contaminants, such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals, dye in textile (acid dyes, cationic dyes, azo dyes), pharmaceutical constituents (antibiotics and antiseptics), and other such contaminants are critical for wastewater and soil treatment and its future application. These contaminants increase pollution and pessimistically affect the environment (Koul et al, 2021;Sushkova et al, 2016). Since NPs have a larger surface area and are smaller, they can act as catalysts or adsorb contaminants above a larger surface area.…”