Features of Developmental Level of Defense Mechanisms and Adjustment Status of University Students in Japan

Abstract

A person with high-level mental defensive functioning exhibits optimal, effective adaptive states when encountering stressors. This may be an important factor in maintaining a sound campus life. Participants were 47 physically and mentally healthy students (average age 19.0 ± 0.6). We first investigated the developmental level of mental defensive functioning as an indicator of participants' adaptive state at the time of the study. We used the Defensive Functioning Scale proposed in the 4 th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). We attempted to quantify this scale by summing scores of seven Defense Levels based on individual defense mechanisms. We then measured physical and mental symptoms using the Cornell Medical Index (CMI), and compared the relationships between symptoms and defensive functioning (defensive functioning scale and physical symptoms, defensive functioning scale and mental symptoms, and physical symptoms and mental symptoms). Finally, we compared male and female results. Although there was no statistical difference, males showed higher average scores than females on the Defensive Functioning Scale vs physical/mental symptoms, which may indicate the relative suppression of women that characterizes the social and cultural background in Japan. In addition, there was a relatively high unisex positive correlation between physical symptoms and mental symptoms, which suggests that university health administrative staff need to provide mental as well as physical care to help students manage stress effectively. However, larger, more comparative studies on the social and cultural background are needed to further explore these issues.

Correlations between the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the WHOQOL-26 among Japanese University Students

“…In our previous study, we reported features of developmental level of defense mechanisms and adjustment status of university students in Japan. At that time, we revealed a sex difference in stress management and a unisex positive correlation between physical symptoms and mental symptoms [1]. If we could find such features in this study, it would be helpful for university students to live a mentally and physically healthy campus life.…”

Effect of a training program for promoting the mental health of nursing students in Zagazig University

“…This consistence with the results of previous studies which find that the high score immature level of defense mechanism. [8,22] After implementing the program, the findings illustrated that there statistically significant difference between pre to post program for intervention group through using neurotic defense mechanisms, which the intervention group indicated higher scores than the control group with statistically significant difference. Thus, training program improved using students' neurotic defensive mechanisms.…”

Physical and Psychological Effects of the Shiatsu Stimulation in the Sitting Position

“…Moreover, gender differences are found in those hormones and the number and subsets of leucocytes and male are basically more SN dominance [23]. As for gender difference in psychological field, Shichiri K reported in detail [14] [24].…”