Features of the welded seam material crystalliza-tion in Ti-TiB alloy under electron-beam welding conditions

Abstract

Natural metal composite materials represent a promising class of modern structural materials that need to be welded. Such materials can be welded by fusion, as has been established with the Ti-TiB alloy as an example. The enhanced operational properties of such materials are determined by the microstructure, which is characterized by the presence of microfibers of borides, carbides, or silicides in the metal matrix. To preserve the mechanical properties of materials in a welded joint, it is necessary to ensure the formation of reinforcing microfibers in the welded seam material. Determination of formation mechanism of boride microfibers, originated in the welded seam material, will become the basis for optimizing of fusion welding modes, in particular, electron beam welding mode.
 The purpose of this study is the determination of formation mechanism of boride microfibers originated in the welded seam material. Two most probable variants of the formation mechanism are analyzed, which involve eutectic decomposition during crystallization from a liquid melt or eutectoid decomposition from a metastable crystallized alloy. The third version is a mixed variant of the two above-mentioned mechanisms.
 In the article the results of metallographic analysis of features of boride phase distribution and an analysis of elemental composition of boride fibers based on local Auger electron spectroscopy are presented. The object of study was a Ti-TiB alloy joint obtained by electron-beam welding. The analysis factors were the features of size, orientation, and nature of the distribution of boride phase microfibers in different areas of the welded seam. The characteristic elemental composition of boride microfibers, which characterizes the correspondence to equilibrium phases, is also studied.
 The degree of deviation of the ratio of boron and titanium in such a phase from the thermodynamically equilibrium in different layers of the material of the welded seam, formed by an electron beam in vacuum, is determined. The dependence of boride phase distribution under various conditions of heat exchange in the welded seam material on the side surfaces and in the central regions is established. It is shown that some of boride microfibers formed in the material of the welded seam are characterized by a deviation from the thermodynamically stable composition ТіВn (n = 1) to ТіВn (n = 0.85). The dendritic nature of boride microfibers distribution and the presence of meta-stable phase formations on Ti and B basis provide the grounds for proposing the predominant mechanism for the formation of structure of the welded seam material in the Ti-TiB alloy during crystallization.
 An analysis of hypothetical variants of the formation mechanism of boride microfibers originated in the welded seam material showed that the formation of a dendritic type of structure is characteristic for the growth of crystals of a new phase in the liquid phase. Such growth is characterized by the formation of equilibrium phases. The presence of a significant amount of non-equilibrium boride phase in the welded seam indicates the residue of non-equilibrium boron in the titanium matrix and continuation of growing of boride fibers in the crystallized welded seam. A determined mechanism for formation of boride microfibers originated in the welded seam material is eutectic decomposition during crystallization from a liquid melt with the formation of TiB microfibers and further growth of such crystals due to eutectoid decomposition from a metastable crystallized Ti-TiB alloy. The results obtained make it possible to understand the mechanism of formation of a welded seam in welded natural-composite metal materials, which permits to develop the recommendations for optimizing the welding technology for such materials.

Determining the pattern of direction and distribution of intermetallic phase in the eutectic of the weld material after electron-beam welding of titanium and niobium alloys

“…It was established that during the formation of the weld, the source material undergoes changes that lead to the grinding of boride fibers. Studies into the features of the elemental composition of reinforcing boride fibers [12] have shown that the crystallization of the weld pool occurs under conditions of intense cooling through an incomplete eutectic transformation with the formation of metastable phase formations. Performing thermal annealing [13] allows reducing the thermodynamic imbalance of the structural state and phase composition in the weld.…”

“…6). In all variants of weld formation, TiB fibers formed a structure of dendritic type branches, the features of which were studied in [12]. It should be noted that no integral orientation of TiB fibers relative to the plane of the welded joint was found.…”

“…On the other hand, after the crystallization of the weld material, in the case of the presence of residual boron in certain areas of the titanium matrix (which is likely due to insufficient uniformity of its distribution in the melt at v eb =13 mm•s -1 ), the eutectoid growth of TiB fibers, which was established in work [12], may continue. Under such conditions, growth will be determined by diffusion processes in the solid state, which require elevated temperatures.…”