Fecal contamination of shanty town toddlers in households with non-corralled poultry, Lima, Peru.

Marquis, Grace S; Ventura, G; Gilman, Robert H.; Porras, Edmundo Galarza; Miranda, Elba; Carbajal, Luz; Pentafiel, M

doi:10.2105/ajph.80.2.146

Cited by 90 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This result may be supported by the findings of an observational study conducted in Peru 1990, which showed that children frequently come into contact with poultry feces that lie within the homes and have 3.9 feces-to-mouth episodes within a 12-hour period [15,19]. Many other studies also indicated the association of Campylobacter diarrhea with the consumption of contaminated water or foods, ownership of livestock or poultry, or contact with animals [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

The impact of household hygiene on the risk of bacterial diarrhea among Egyptian children in rural areas, 2004–2007

Hassan

Mansour

Shaheen

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: The present study, conducted between January 2004 and April 2007, explored the impact of household hygiene on the risk of bacterial diarrhea, using data from a prospective birth cohort of 348 infants in five villages in the Nile Delta in Egypt. Methodology: Neonates were enrolled at birth and followed up until 24 months of age. Children were visited twice a week to survey them for acute diarrhea. A detailed observational household hygiene survey was completed in-house every six months. Adjusted relative risk (aRR) of developing bacterial diarrhea was calculated for exposure to different hygiene variables and examined for specific bacterial pathogens. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding reduced the risk of bacterial diarrhea by 70%, while bacterial diarrhea cases were 2.6 times higher in the warm season. Risk of Campylobacter diarrhea increased with the absence of barriers to keep birds and animals out of the eating area, the presence of garbage containers and a bathing facility within the compound, and the presence of feces on the floor of the bathing facility. Use of municipal water for drinking and cooking was associated with a lower risk of Campylobacter diarrhea. Risk of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea increased with uncovered garbage containers and the presence of liquid materials in the garbage containers, but decreased with the use of tap water in the washing facility. Conclusion: The results highlight some potential targets for interventions, such as expanding municipal water supply to all houses and comprehensive mass-media awareness programs to change hygiene-promoting behaviors and practices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

The impact of household hygiene on the risk of bacterial diarrhea among Egyptian children in rural areas, 2004–2007

Hassan

Mansour

Shaheen

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…The current study showed conclusively that older age protected against resistance independent of its association with antibiotics use or the community serving level of home-raised chicken. One possible explanation is the increased likelihood for "oral investigation" among younger children, 50 which in the context of our study could be responsible for increased fecal-oral exposure. However, the fact that the youngest, least mobile, children were at highest risk suggests that this does not fully explain the finding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Risk Factors for Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Carriage in Young Children in Peru: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study

Kalter¹,

Gilman²,

Moulton³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Few studies have examined the influence of individual-, household-, and community-scale risk factors on carriage of resistant commensal bacteria. We determined children's medical, agricultural, and environmental exposures by household, pharmacy, and health facility surveys and Escherichia coli cultures of children, mothers' hands, household animals, and market chickens in Peru. Among 522 children with a positive stool culture, by log-binomial regression, using "any antibiotic" and 1-14 (versus 0) sulfa doses in the past 3 months increased children's risk, respectively, for ampicillin-and sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli carriage ( P = 0.01-0.02). Each household member taking "any antibiotic" increased children's risk for sulfamethoxazole-and multidrug-resistant E. coli carriage ( P < 0.0001). Residence in a zone where a larger proportion of households served home-raised chicken (as contrasted with intensively antibiotic-raised market chicken) protected against carrying E. coli resistant to all drugs ( P = 0.0004-0.04). Environmental contamination with drug-resistant bacteria appeared to significantly contribute to children's carriage of antibiotic-resistant E. coli .

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“…We included this criteria to evaluate if small children in this population consumed chicken feces, as recently reported in rural Zimbabwe and previously in Peru. 21,29 At baseline, a 5-hour structured observation session was conducted by a trained research assistant between 8:00 AM and 1:00 PM in the household of each enrolled child. A structured questionnaire tool was used to collect information on whether the child touched or mouthed soil, mud, clay, sand, or feces during the structured observation period.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geophagy is Associated with Environmental Enteropathy and Stunting in Children in Rural Bangladesh

George

Oldja

Biswas

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

135

171

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Abstract. There is a growing body of literature indicating an association between stunting and environmental enteropathy (EE), a disorder thought to be caused by repeated exposures to enteric pathogens. To investigate the relationship between exposure to enteric pathogens through geophagy, consumption of soil, EE, and stunting, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 216 children under 5 years of age in rural Bangladesh. Geophagy was assessed at baseline using 5 hour structured observation and caregiver reports. Stool was analyzed for fecal markers of intestinal inflammation: alpha-1-antitrypsin, myeloperoxidase, neopterin (all three combined to form an EE disease activity score), and calprotectin. Eighteen percent of children had observed geophagy events by structured observation and 28% had caregiver reported events in the past week. Nearly all households had Escherichia coli (97%) in soil, and 14% had diarrheagenic E. coli. Children with caregiver-reported geophagy had significantly higher EE scores (0.72 point difference, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01, 1.42) and calprotectin concentrations (237.38 μg/g, 95% CI: 12.77, 462.00). Furthermore, at the 9-month follow-up the odds of being stunted (height-for-age z-score −2) was double for children with caregiver-reported geophagy (odds ratio [OR]: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.14, 4.51). These findings suggest that geophagy in young children may be an important unrecognized risk factor for EE and stunting.

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Fecal contamination of shanty town toddlers in households with non-corralled poultry, Lima, Peru.

Cited by 90 publications

References 10 publications

The impact of household hygiene on the risk of bacterial diarrhea among Egyptian children in rural areas, 2004–2007

The impact of household hygiene on the risk of bacterial diarrhea among Egyptian children in rural areas, 2004–2007

Risk Factors for Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Carriage in Young Children in Peru: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study

Geophagy is Associated with Environmental Enteropathy and Stunting in Children in Rural Bangladesh

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