“…If airport sponsors narrowly limit the selection of feasible project alternatives, they may be following the letter of NEPA law (procedure) but not its spirit of environmental stewardship (substance). A broad range of legal research suggests that lawsuits offer an effi cient tactic to enforce compliance with NEPA paperwork and documentation (procedure), yet offer little enforcement of environmental values in decision-making (substance; see Andreen, 1989;Bartlett, 2000;Blumm, 1990;Hartmann, 1994;Karkainnen, 2002Karkainnen, , 2004Lindstrom & Smith, 2001;Murchison, 1984;Rabin, 1986;Yost, 1990). In a comprehensive review of airport expansion case law, Wyatt (2011) fi nds that legal challenges to the FAA's selection of feasible and preferred alternatives are ineffective.…”