Feed aversion in small mammals as a potential source of hazard reduction for environmental chemicals: Agrichemical case studies

Linder, Greg; Richmond, Milo E.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620090112

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…2), due to the rapid rate of decline, which was similar to that of a previous study [39]. The acute oral LD5O of carbofuran for the meadow vole is 12 mg/kg body weight [40]. A vole weighing 27 g [41] would have to eat 16 g of vegetation containing 20 pg/g, the highest concentration found in our study areas (Fig.…”

Section: Potential Effects On Wildlifesupporting

confidence: 88%

Carbofuran residues in grasshoppers and vegetation from aerially sprayed prairie pastures: Potential effects on wildlife

Forsyth¹,

Westcott²

1994

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Deposition and persistence of carbofuran in vegetation and grasshoppers of two prairie pastures were measured after single aerial applications at 134 g a.i per hectare in 1987 and 1988. Mean depositions on horizontal filter paper samplers were 43 1 and 64 9% of the nominal rate in the two applications Variability of deposits, measured as C V.s, were 76 4% and 86 9% Carbofuran residues in vegetation and grasshoppers were less variable than those in deposit samplers, with C V s of 40 6 and 70 6% in vegetation and 58 6 and 32 5% in grasshoppers for 1987 and 1988, respectively. Residues declined by 50% in 24 h both years from initial concentrations (3 h postspray) in vegetation of 13 3 and 10 8 μg/g Initial residues in grasshoppers averaged 2 2 μg/g in 1987 and 3.9 μg/g in 1988; the mean for both years was 2.5 μg/g Grasshoppers contained the same concentration of carbofuran 3 h after spraying, whether collected live or dead Maximum residues of 5 7 μg/g were found in grasshoppers from two of the 40 sites sampled in both years A model fitted to the data indicated that there may have been about a 24 to 44% loss of residues from vegetation, probably due to volatilization and other processes, before samples were collected at 3 h There was a decline in residues per grasshopper of 30% in 24 h both years, which was not evident when expressed as micrograms per gram because of desiccation of the dead insects The concentrations of carbofuran in the vegetation and grasshoppers were typical of aerial spraying, hence, they may be used as baseline values for estimating exposure of herbivores and msectivores to insecticide deposits from similar spray events by adjusting for rate of application Deposits measured on filter papers were positively related to concentrations in vegetation and grasshoppers Calculations of the potential effects on wildlife of ingesting sprayed grasshoppers, combined with other routes of exposure, indicated a relatively low hazard for herbivorous rodents but a relatively high hazard for insectivorous adult passerines and their young Monitoring passerines in a related field study did, however, not reveal any effects on survival within 3 d of spraying carbofuran.

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Section: Potential Effects On Wildlifesupporting

confidence: 88%

Carbofuran residues in grasshoppers and vegetation from aerially sprayed prairie pastures: Potential effects on wildlife

Forsyth¹,

Westcott²

1994

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Avoidance behavior can be triggered by internal receptors within the context of chemotaxis and the resulting behavioral avoidance leads to decreased contact with the toxicant and therefore to decreased external exposure. Avoidance behavior has been shown for invertebrates avoiding contaminated sediment (De Lange et al 2006), soil (Natal-da-Luz et al 2008, or water (Schulz and Liess 2001); for fish, such as zebrafish avoiding Cu and acid mining drainage (Moreira-Santos et al 2008); and for mammals and birds through avoidance of contaminated food (Linder and Richmond 1990).…”

Section: Food Choicementioning

confidence: 98%

Framework for traits‐based assessment in ecotoxicology

Rubach

Ashauer

Buchwalter

et al. 2011

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

140

151

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A key challenge in ecotoxicology is to assess the potential risks of chemicals to the wide range of species in the environment on the basis of laboratory toxicity data derived from a limited number of species. These species are then assumed to be suitable surrogates for a wider class of related taxa. For example, Daphnia spp. are used as the indicator species for freshwater aquatic invertebrates. Extrapolation from these datasets to natural communities poses a challenge because the extent to which test species are representative of their various taxonomic groups is often largely unknown, and different taxonomic groups and chemicals are variously represented in the available datasets. Moreover, it has been recognized that physiological and ecological factors can each be powerful determinants of vulnerability to chemical stress, thus differentially influencing toxicant effects at the population and community level. Recently it was proposed that detailed study of species traits might eventually permit better understanding, and thus prediction, of the potential for adverse effects of chemicals to a wider range of organisms than those amenable for study in the laboratory. This line of inquiry stems in part from the ecology literature, in which species traits are being used for improved understanding of how communities are constructed, as well as how communities might respond to, and recover from, disturbance (see other articles in this issue). In the present work, we develop a framework for the application of traits-based assessment. The framework is based on the population vulnerability conceptual model of Van Straalen in which vulnerability is determined by traits that can be grouped into 3 major categories, i.e., external exposure, intrinsic sensitivity, and population sustainability. Within each of these major categories, we evaluate specific traits as well as how they could contribute to the assessment of the potential effects of a toxicant on an organism. We then develop an example considering bioavailability to explore how traits could be used mechanistically to estimate vulnerability. A preliminary inventory of traits for use in ecotoxicology is included; this also identifies the availability of data to quantify those traits, in addition to an indication of the strength of linkage between the trait and the affected process. Finally, we propose a way forward for the further development of traits-based approaches in ecotoxicology.

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“…Ataxia and neuromotor dysfunction that characterize OP intoxication (O'Brien 1967:56) may reduce the foraging capability of intoxicated animals, thereby retarding growth. Feed aversion, but not anorexia, has been demonstrated in mammals exposed to pesticides (Linder and Richmond 1990). Gray-tailed voles can detect and avoid food contaminated with azinphos-methyl at concentrations as low as 100 g/g (T. Manning and J. O. Wolff, unpublished data).…”

Section: Insecticide Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, OPs can cross the placental barrier (Ackermann and Engst 1970) and are excreted in milk (Mosha et al 1991), resulting in direct fetal and neonatal toxicity (Fish 1966, Budreau and Singh 1973, Short et al 1980. Finally, physiological stress on female mammals, due to direct toxicity or feed aversion, can cause repro-ductive delay, embryo resorption, or stillbirth (Linder andRichmond 1990, Dost 1991). However, the potential of OPs to affect mammalian reproduction has not been confirmed by other field studies (Jackson 1952, Montz et al 1984, Carey 1993.…”

Section: Insecticide Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide Effects on Small Mammals: Influence of Vegetation Structure and Diet

Schauber¹,

Edge²,

Wolff³

1997

Ecological Applications

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We tested whether differences in the diets of nontarget organisms or in vegetation structure could result in adverse ecological effects not predicted by the Quotient Method, a laboratory‐based risk assessment methodology used by the Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate pesticides for registration and use. We established populations of herbivorous gray‐tailed voles (Microtus canicaudus) and omnivorous deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in 24 0.2‐ha enclosures planted with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and monitored the populations by live trapping. Alfalfa in twelve enclosures was mowed on 22 June to reduce vegetation height, and 3 wk later, we applied azinphos‐methyl at 0, 0.88, and 3.61 kg/ha. We compared predictions of risk with observed effects on the small mammals. Treatment with azinphos‐methyl at 3.61 kg/ha reduced population density and growth, survival, recruitment, and body growth of voles in both mowed and unmowed enclosures. Survival of female voles exposed to 3.61 kg/ha was lower in mowed than in unmowed enclosures, and the 0.88 kg/ha treatment affected body growth of male voles only in mowed enclosures. Vole densities in 3.61 kg/ha enclosures remained depressed for ≥6 wk after spraying. Azinphos‐methyl did not detectably affect reproductive activity of female voles. Precipitation after spraying may have increased exposure of the mammals to azinphos‐methyl, resulting in greater effects on voles than reported in a previous, similar experiment. Deer mouse densities in mowed enclosures receiving 3.61 kg/ha decreased 47% within 5 d after spraying. No other adverse insecticide effects on deer mice were significant, but confidence intervals for such effects were wide. Analysis of deer mouse feces indicated that consumption of arthropods just after spraying was greater in insecticide‐treated enclosures than in controls. In general, the Quotient Method adequately predicted effects on the small mammals, but its performance may be affected by vegetation structure and precipitation.

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Feed aversion in small mammals as a potential source of hazard reduction for environmental chemicals: Agrichemical case studies

Cited by 10 publications

References 41 publications

Carbofuran residues in grasshoppers and vegetation from aerially sprayed prairie pastures: Potential effects on wildlife

Carbofuran residues in grasshoppers and vegetation from aerially sprayed prairie pastures: Potential effects on wildlife

Framework for traits‐based assessment in ecotoxicology

Insecticide Effects on Small Mammals: Influence of Vegetation Structure and Diet

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