Feed-borne<i>Bacillus cereus</i>exacerbates respiratory distress in chickens infected with<i>Chlamydia psittaci</i>by inducing haemorrhagic pneumonia

Zuo, Zonghui; Li, Qiang; Guo, Yue; Li, Xiaohui; Huang, Shujian; Hegemann, Johannes H.; He, Cheng

doi:10.1080/03079457.2020.1716940

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In our previous study, feed-borne B. cereus co-infection with avian influenza virus (H9N2) has produced significant gizzard erosions and ulceration(GEU) in all bird groups by damaging to the epithelium of the digestive tract, which facilitates other susceptible pathogens [19]. More recently, chickens exposed to the B. cereus co-infection with Chlamydia psittaci developed a severe GEU syndrome suggesting that injury to the koilin layer of the gizzard with B. cereus toxins could directly affect the gizzard membrane, while the intraesophageal C. psittaci infection also promotes the development of the GEU [26]. These data suggest that feed-borne B. cereus is an important interactive factor for development of GEU in piglets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These data suggest that feed-borne B. cereus is an important interactive factor for development of GEU in piglets. In addition, several toxic genes, such as nhA, nhB, nhC, Hbl and Cytk, were identified in B. cereus (Dawu-C) [26], which may contribute to the diarrhea by disrupting the epithelial layer [27]. Some of these toxins appear to play a major role in pathogenesis during B. cereus gastroenteritis and opportunistic infections, although no direct connection has been shown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus fumigatus

Wang

et al. 2020

Toxins

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As a multifactorial cause, gastric ulceration-mediated diarrhea is widely prevalent in the weaned piglets, impairing pig health and economic benefits. With full implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in China, Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) were identified frequently in porcine feedstuffs and feeds of the animal industry. Association between feed-borne B. cereus and frequent diarrhea remains unclear. In the present study, we conducted a survey of B. cereus and A. fumigatus from feeds and feedstuffs in pig farms during hot season. Interestingly, B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. licheniformis and B. thuringinesis were isolated and identified from piglets’ starter meals to sow feeds, accounting for 56.1%, 23.7%, 13.7% and 6.5%, respectively. Obviously, both B. cereus and B. subtili were dominant contaminants in the survey. In an in vitro study, Deoxynivalenol (DON) contents were determined in a dose-dependent manner post fermentation with B. cereus (405 and DawuC). Subsequently, 36 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to four groups and the piglets simultaneously received the combination of virulent B. cereus (Dawu C) and A. fumigatus while animals were inoculated with B. cereus (Dawu C), A. fumigatus or PBS as the control group. Clinically, piglets developed yellow diarrhea on day 5 and significant reductions of relative body weight were observed in the B. cereus group, and co-infection group. More importantly, IgG titers against Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) were reduced dramatically during 14-day observation in co-infection group, the B. cereus (Dawu C) group or the A. fumigatus group. However, lower Foot and mouth disease (FMD) -specific antibodies were reduced on day 7 compared to those of the control group. Additionally, lower lymphocyte proliferations were found in the B. cereus group and the co-infection group compared to the control group. Postmortem, higher lesions of gastric ulceration were observed in the B. cereus group and the co-infection group from day 7 to day 14 compared with those of the A. fumigatus group and the control group. Compared to the A. fumigatus group, higher DON contents were detected in the stomach inoculated with B. cereus and the co-infection with A. fumigatus. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that B. cereus might be associated with severe diarrhea by inducing gastric ulcerations and A. fumigatus might aggravate immune suppression, threating a sustainable swine industry. It is urgently needed to control feed-borne B. cereus contamination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus fumigatus

Wang

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…Importantly, chickens exposed to B. cereus co-infection with Chlamydia psittaci developed a severe GEU suggesting that damage to the koilin layer of the gizzard with its toxins, may instantly affect the gizzard membrane, while intra-esophageal C. psittaci infection also promotes the development of the GEU. In addition, two secreted toxins Hbl and Cytk damage the koilin layer of the gizzard, resulting in long term ulceration inducing pores in epithelial cells, necrosis, mucosal damage and contributing to diarrhea by destroying the digestive tract (Zuo et al 2020). B. cereus strains have B. anthracis pX01 toxin genes (Hoffmaster et al 2006;Bottone 2010).…”

Section: Gizzard Erosion and Ulceration (Geu)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…immune system; digests various substrates, including extracellular matrix proteins, and cleaves tissue components such as fibronectin, laminin, and type I and IV collagens; pivotal for escape of B. cereus from the macrophages endosome after phagocytosis and induce cell mortality NprACleave a variety of host cell components and regulatory proteins further intensifies bird pneumonia after chlamydial infection, hemorrhagic lesions in the lungs leading to respiratory stress and breathing dysfunction that can suppress bird immunity(Zuo et al 2020). …”

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confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity of Feed-Borne Bacillus Cereus and Its Implication on Food Safety

Haque¹

2021

Agrobiol. Records

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Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a novel emerging pathogen contaminated extensively in animal feed and food chains, posing a huge economic loss for animal industry and high risk for human health. This pathogen is a robust omnipresent heat resistant spore former, able to form biofilm and isolated from different environments such as food and atmosphere that occur all year round without any particular geographic distribution. The potential of survival for B. cereus spores in unfavorable conditions pose a considerable threat to food safety and also cause economic losses to the food industry. B. cereus aggravates acute diarrhea and malnourishment in poultry by inducing gizzard erosion and ulceration (GEU). It will facilitate persistent other bacterial infection in the lungs via damaging gastric intestine tract. Also, it can cause serious food safety because it seems difficult to fully prevent their presence in food. It may cause gastrointestinal diseases that trigger emetic and diarrheal symptoms as well as general and local infections related to the respiratory tracts of immunologically threatened individual and newborns. B. cereus produces a wide range of potential virulence factors, including heat stable/labile toxins (cerulide, NHE, HBL, CytK, Ent-FM, bc-D-ENT, CLO, HlyII, HlyIII) and tissue-destructive enzymes (PI-PLC, PC-PLC, SMase, β-lactamase, InhA1, NprA), but their roles and molecular mechanism in specific infections have not been clarified yet. This review provided a historical record of possible risk factors and pathogenesis of animal industry and highlights the implications for animal industry and food safety by ingestion of the feed-borne Bacillus cereus.

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“…Bacillus cereus ( B.cereus ), as a primary or permanent latent infection, induced gizzard ulceration and lung inflammation in SPF chickens and aggravated susceptibility to avian influenza virus H9N2 ( Zhang et al, 2019 ). Chickens’ exposure to B. cereus intensifies gizzard ulceration and pneumonia after chlamydial infection, leading to respiratory stress and breathing dysfunction ( Zuo et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination With Fumonisin B and Deoxynivalenol Is a Threat to Egg Safety and Contributes to Gizzard Ulcerations of Newborn Chickens

Wang

Quan

et al. 2021

Front. Microbiol.

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Fumonisin B (FB) and other fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins (secondary metabolites of fungi) present at high levels of contamination in poultry diets and threatening the sustainability of the poultry industry and egg safety for consumers. However, residual mycotoxins in breeder eggs and their effects on chicken progeny and gizzard ulcerations remain unclear. To unveil mycotoxin contaminations from daily diets to breeder eggs, 293 poultry feed samples were collected from three large-scale poultry provinces across Northern China to Southern China. Average levels of 1,628 ± 4.36 μg/kg of FB1, 593 ± 11.16 μg/kg of DON, 69 ± 9.21 μg/kg of ZEN, 52 ± 7.33 μg/kg of OTA, and 24 ± 5.85 μg/kg of AFB1 were found in feedstuffs and poultry diets using commercial ELISA kits. In terms of residual mycotoxins in breeder eggs, FB1 and DON contaminations dominated residues in egg albumen and yolk samples. Out of 221 breeder eggs, the average residual of FB1 in albumen were 320.6 ± 10.12 μg/kg (Hebei), 420.2 ± 10.98 μg/kg (Guangdong), and 549.4 ± 10.27 (Guangxi). Moreover, higher residual of DONs were determined in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces compared to Hebei province. ZEN, ochratoxins A (OTA), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination at low levels were found in the above samples collected from afronmentioned three provinces. Based on residual mycotoxins in breeder eggs, SPF embryonated eggs aged 11 days were inoculated into albumen with different doses of FB1, FB2 or DON, or a combination of FB1 and DON, or a combination of FB1 with FB2 and FB3. A lower hatching rate was observed in the chicken progenies with the combination of 24 μg of FB1 and 0.1 μg of DON compared to other treatments. Moreover, typical gizzard ulcerations with hemorrhagic lungs were observed in the progeny of breeder eggs post-inoculation of 24 μg of FB1 and synergetic inoculation of FB1 and DON. Finally, residual FB mycotoxins were detected in the gizzards and in the lungs of the progenies. Based on the above evidence, feed-borne FB1 and DON are dominant mycotoxins in breeder eggs and threatening food security using breeder eggs as a Trojan horse. More importantly, the residual of FB1 alone and in combination with of DON contamination are associated with low hatching rate and gizzard ulcerations in chicken progenies, hampering sustainable development perspectives of the poultry industry.

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Feed-borneBacillus cereusexacerbates respiratory distress in chickens infected withChlamydia psittaciby inducing haemorrhagic pneumonia

Cited by 13 publications

References 46 publications

Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus fumigatus

Gastric Ulceration and Immune Suppression in Weaned Piglets Associated with Feed-Borne Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus fumigatus

Pathogenicity of Feed-Borne Bacillus Cereus and Its Implication on Food Safety

Contamination With Fumonisin B and Deoxynivalenol Is a Threat to Egg Safety and Contributes to Gizzard Ulcerations of Newborn Chickens

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