“…Even with open‐ended activities, such as creating concept maps, many studies provide directive guidance that detects which concepts are inaccurate or that informs students what should be revised in their maps (e.g., Attali & Powers, ; Gouli, Gogoulou, & Grigoriadou, ). For example, several concept mapping tools provided directive guidance providing overall scores, describing a number of correct concepts compared to a given expert map, or highlighting discrepancies between student‐generated and expert maps (Conlon, ; Luckie, Harrison, & Ebert‐May, ; Lukasenko, Anohina‐Naumeca, Vilkelis, & Grundspenkis, ; Person et al, ). These studies report that directive guidance is effective in reducing the number of errors students made, helping students fix their mistakes, and encouraging them to revise their responses (Anderson et al, ; Attali & Powers, ; Boramy, ; Koedinger & Aleven, ; Koedinger, McLaughlin, & Heffernan, ).…”