Feedback Modalities in Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This systematic review addresses the plausibility of using novel feedback modalities for brain–computer interface (BCI) and attempts to identify the best feedback modality on the basis of the effectiveness or learning rate. Out of the chosen studies, it was found that 100% of studies tested visual feedback, 31.6% tested auditory feedback, 57.9% tested tactile feedback, and 21.1% tested proprioceptive feedback. Visual feedback was included in every study design because it was intrinsic to the response of the task (e.g. seeing a cursor move). However, when used alone, it was not very effective at improving accuracy or learning. Proprioceptive feedback was most successful at increasing the effectiveness of motor imagery BCI tasks involving neuroprosthetics. The use of auditory and tactile feedback resulted in mixed results. The limitations of this current study and further study recommendations are discussed.

The effect of visual and proprioceptive feedback on sensorimotor rhythms during BCI training

“…When designing a BCI, it is crucial to select the feedback modality according to the targeted neural function. While BCI control can be achieved using any feedback, not all feedback modalities necessarily alter the user’s brain activity as intended [ 5 , 6 ]. Especially in the case of rehabilitation, the BCI should give feedback that promotes appropriate brain plasticity and helps patients regain their impaired functionality, e.g.…”