Feeding and Other Gall Facets: Patterns and Determinants in Gall Structure

Ferreira, Bruno García; Álvarez, Rafael; Bragança, Gracielle Pereira Pimenta; Alvarenga, Danielle Ramos de; Pérez-Hidalgo, Nicolás; Isaías, Rosy Mary dos Santos

doi:10.1007/s12229-019-09207-w

Cited by 61 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…The galls were formed of vascularised parenchymatic emergences, which hosted the colonies of nematodes (the group of nematodes of distinct generations which inhabit these galls; see Ferreira et al , ). Outer regions of these emergences were not in contact with nematodes, and the inner regions shelter the nematode colonies (Figure e).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Root and shoot nematode galls, as insect and mite galls, usually have outer tissue compartments ( sensu Bragança et al ) with hypertrophied cells that accumulate starch and polyphenols (Ferreira et al , , ; Isaias et al ). The accumulation of polyphenols in the outer gall compartments inhibits the activity of IAA oxidase, leading to the accumulation of IAA and, consequently, to cell hypertrophy (Bedetti et al , , ; Suzuki et al ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, they are induced in shoots, and distinct from other shoot nematode galls, they have an inner tissue compartment formed by promeristematic typical nutritive tissue (TNT; Ferreira et al ,). TNT commonly found in insect and mite galls are constituted of cells with granulose and dense cytoplasm, prominent nucleus and storage of proteins, reducing sugars or lipids (Oliveira et al ; Ferreira & Isaias ; Ferreira et al , , ; Isaias et al ). Even though nematode galls have striking cytological peculiarities in their nutritive cells, the TNT generally have nutritionally enriched and metabolically active cells, and occur both in galls induced in roots (Dropkin ; Meyer ; Wyss ; Favery et al ; Palomares‐Rius et al ; Ferreira et al ) and in shoots (Goodey , ; Dropkin ; Watson & Shorthouse ; Skinner et al ; Palomares‐Rius et al ; Ferreira et al ,, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzyme‐mediated metabolism in nutritive tissues of galls induced by Ditylenchus gallaeformans (Nematoda: Anguinidae)

et al. 2019

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The galls induced by Ditylenchus gallaeformans (Nematoda) on leaves of Miconia albicans have unique features when compared to other galls. The nematode colonies are surrounded by nutritive tissues with promeristematic cells, capable of originating new emergences facing the larval chamber, and providing indeterminate growth to these galls. Considering enzyme activity as essential for the translocation of energetic molecules from the common storage tissue (CST) to the typical nutritive tissue (TNT), and the major occurrence of carbohydrates in nematode galls, it was expected that hormones would mediate sink strength relationships by activating enzymes in indeterminate growth regions of the galls.• Histochemical, immunocytochemical and quantitative analyses were made in order to demonstrate sites of enzyme activity and hormones, and comparative levels of total soluble sugars, water soluble polysaccharides and starch.• The source-sink status, via carbohydrate metabolism, is controlled by the major accumulation of cytokinins in totipotent nutritive cells and new emergences. Thus, reducing sugars, such as glucose and fructose, accumulate in the TNT, where they supply the energy for successive cycles of cell division and for nematode feeding. The histochemical detection of phosphorylase and invertase activities indicates the occurrence of starch catabolism and sucrose transformation into reducing sugars, respectively, in the establishment of a gradient from the CST towards the TNT. Reducing sugars in the TNT are important for the production of new cell walls during the indeterminate growth of the galls, which have increased levels of water-soluble polysaccharides that corroborate such a hypothesis.• Functional relationship between plant hormone accumulation, carbohydrate metabolism and cell differentiation in D. gallaeformans-induced galls is attested, providing new insights on cell development and plant metabolism.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzyme‐mediated metabolism in nutritive tissues of galls induced by Ditylenchus gallaeformans (Nematoda: Anguinidae)

et al. 2019

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“…The larvae of Cecidomyiidae induce cell disruption using their prothoracic spatula. Cellular fluids are extracorporeally digested and then sucked by the larvae (Rohfritsch 1992; Harris 1994; Ferreira et al 2019). Xyloglucans can be made available during the degradation of cell walls, intense oxidative stress and the action of enzymes that can cleave xyloglucans and release their constituent sugars (Barnes & Anderson 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemicelluloses and associated compounds determine gall functional traits

et al. 2020

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The intriguing questions concerning gall development refer to the processes of the remodelling of the host plant organ. Such processes involve the restructuring of cell walls and can be influenced by phenolics, indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alterations in cell walls demand the interference in the coupling of cellulose fibrils and hemicelluloses (xyloglucans) at specific stages of gall development. In addition to cell wall remodelling, hemicelluloses, such as the, xyloglucans and heteromannans can act as reserve carbohydrates, while xylans provide rigidity to the secondary cell walls. Developmental traits of the lenticular, fusiform and globoid galls on Inga ingoides (Fabaceae) were analysed using anatomical, cytometric, histochemical and immunocytochemical tools. Phenolics, IAA and ROS accumulated in similar gall tissue compartments, and may have influenced the restructuring of hemicelluloses and pectins. Contrary to expectations, cell wall flexibility regarding the dynamics of xyloglucans and cellulose fibrils does not relate to a temporal scale. The detection of xyloglucans in nutritive cell walls relate to carbohydrate nutritional resources to the galling insect, while xylans were associated to the lignified cell walls. Heteromanans were not detected, either in non‐galled or galled tissues. The patterns of cell expansion during gall development relied on the relationship among phenolics, ROS and IAA with the hemicelluloses (xyloglucans and xylans) and cellulose fibrils. Although cell wall dynamics is specific to each gall morphotype in I. ingoides, the xyloglucans function as carbohydrate reserve to the gall inducers, which constitutes a functional trait common to the three morphotypes.

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“…Galls are structures induced by specific parasites on their host plants (Mani 1964;Ferreira et al 2019). The main group of organism-induced galls are insects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect galls and their host plants in gallery forest in Bahia State, Brazil

et al. 2020

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Inventories of insect galls in gallery forests in Northeastern Brazil have been quite infrequent, and the richness of gallinducing insects in that vegetation type has been little unknown. To contribute to our knowledge of galls, galling insects, and their host plants from gallery forest habitats in Northeastern Brazil, we documented and characterized the macroscopic aspects of the galls, identified the plant hosts and their endemism level and surveyed the associated fauna in an area of gallery forest in Caetité, Bahia State. We found 30 different gall morphotypes on 20 host plant species belonging to 17 genera and 13 families. The main host families of galls were Leguminosae and Myrtaceae with ten and four morphotypes, respectively. Most galls occurred on leaves and were globoid, green, glabrous, and grouped. Most of the gall-inducing insect species found belonged to Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) and Coleoptera, while the associated fauna was represented by Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Collembola, and Thysanoptera. We recorded galls the first time on six plant species. These results reinforce the importance of gall inventories in gallery forest areas not yet examined to better understand gall richness, galling insects, and their host plants in that vegetation type.

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Feeding and Other Gall Facets: Patterns and Determinants in Gall Structure

Cited by 61 publications

References 106 publications

Enzyme‐mediated metabolism in nutritive tissues of galls induced by Ditylenchus gallaeformans (Nematoda: Anguinidae)

Enzyme‐mediated metabolism in nutritive tissues of galls induced by Ditylenchus gallaeformans (Nematoda: Anguinidae)

Hemicelluloses and associated compounds determine gall functional traits

Insect galls and their host plants in gallery forest in Bahia State, Brazil

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