Feeding currents of particle-attached nanoflagellates-a novel mechanism for aggregation of submicron particles

Fukuda, Hideki; Koike, Isao

doi:10.3354/meps202101

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Scavenging of additional particles by the sinking house, on the other hand, appears to be of minor importance . Fukuda and Koike (2000) suggested yet another zooplankton mediated mechanism of aggregate formation, which may be quantitatively important. They demonstrated how flagellates, Paraphysomona imperforata, that are attached to particles, generate an advective flow towards the host particle by means of their feeding current.…”

Section: Zooplankton-mediated Aggregationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and fate of marine snow: small-scale processes with large- scale implications

Kiørboe¹

2001

Sci. Mar.

213

176

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SUMMARY: Marine snow aggregates are believed to be the main vehicles for vertical material transport in the ocean. However, aggregates are also sites of elevated heterotrophic activity, which may rather cause enhanced retention of aggregated material in the upper ocean. Small-scale biological-physical interactions govern the formation and fate of marine snow. Aggregates may form by physical coagulation: fluid motion causes collisions between small primary particles (e.g. phytoplankton) that may then stick together to form aggregates with enhanced sinking velocities. Bacteria may subsequently solubilise and remineralise aggregated particles. Because the solubilization rate exceeds the remineralization rate, organic solutes leak out of sinking aggregates. The leaking solutes spread by diffusion and advection and form a chemical trail in the wake of the sinking aggregate that may guide small zooplankters to the aggregate. Also, suspended bacteria may enjoy the elevated concentration of organic solutes in the plume. I explore these small-scale formation and degradation processes by means of models, experiments and field observations. The larger scale implications for the structure and functioning of pelagic food chains of export vs. retention of material will be discussed.

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Section: Zooplankton-mediated Aggregationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and fate of marine snow: small-scale processes with large- scale implications

Kiørboe¹

2001

Sci. Mar.

213

176

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“…Thiuram also probably inhibits other metabolic pathways in eukaryotes. If thiuram is assumed to be a specific metabolic inhibitor for eukaryotes, the results of this observation suggest that the transfer process of SMP into the 5-20 µm fraction was caused by eukaryotes such as nanoflagellates separately from particle ingestion (Fukuda & Koike 2000).…”

Section: Importance Of Biological Processes For the Aggregation Processmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…For Tokyo Bay samples, however, the incubation was conducted at 20°C, which was close to the in situ temperatures of 24, 22 and 22°C at 0, 10 and 16 m, respectively. The abundance of beads associated with particles in the 5-20 µm fraction was monitored every 6 or 8 h during the incubation using a flow cytometer (BRYTE, Bio-Rad;Fukuda & Koike 2000). The flow cytometers were equipped with a 100 µm orifice and 2 filters: 470 to 490 nm and 515 to 565 nm for excitation and emission, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, collision frequency by differential sedimentation is mainly determined by the settling velocity of the 5-20 µm sized particle rather than that of the fluorescent beads and the difference in stickiness is canceled in a V N /V A ratio of transfer rate in 2 different cultures (Fukuda & Koike 2000). Regarding the effect of inhibitors (thiuram and NaN 3 ) on beads stickiness, the size distribution of beads in filtered seawater did not change significantly with or without inhibitors during a 24 h incubation period (data not shown).…”

Section: Flow Cytometry and Experimental Design For Determination Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, biological activities are also, occasionally indispensable, factors in the aggregation process (Biddanda 1985). Planktonic organisms produce particulate organic matter, increase particle collision frequency (Johnson & Kepkay 1992, Fukuda & Koike 2000 and increase particle stickiness (Kiørboe & Hansen 1993, Passow 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial stimulation of the aggregation process between submicron-sized particles and suspended particles in coastal waters

Fukuda¹,

Koike²

2004

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Transfer rates of submicron-sized particles (SMP) to micro-suspended particles (5 to 20 µm in diameter) in coastal waters around Japan were measured using fluorescent beads (0.5 µm in diameter) and flow cytometry, with and without metabolic inhibitors (thiuram or NaN 3 ). This flow cytometric technique has the advantage that it allows the number of beads stuck to suspended particles to be counted without any pre-treatment, such as filtration, that can introduce artifacts. The transfer rates to particles in the 5-20 µm fraction without inhibitors were on average 4.3 to 5.8 times higher than with added NaN 3 . On the other hand, ingestion rates of fluorescent beads by protozoa in the 5-20 µm fraction were less than 10% of the transfer rates to particles in the 5-20 µm fraction. These results indicate that biological activities were more efficient than physical mechanisms for the transfer process of SMP into the 5-20 µm fraction separately from the grazing process. Also, the inhibitory effect of thiuram on the transfer rates suggests an involvement of eukaryotic cells in this stimulation. The intensity of this stimulation was positively correlated with the density of attached nanoflagellates per particle (Da) (R = 0.630, n = 22), bacterial abundance (R = 0.489, n = 22), concentration of chlorophyll a (R = 0.518, n = 18) and water temperature (R = 0.569, n = 22). These results indicate that biological processes are key mechanisms for the coagulation process of submicro-and micro-scale particles in coastal environments.

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Organic Matter–Bacteria Interactions in Seawater

Nagata

2008

Microbial Ecology of the Oceans

119

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Feeding currents of particle-attached nanoflagellates-a novel mechanism for aggregation of submicron particles

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Formation and fate of marine snow: small-scale processes with large- scale implications

Formation and fate of marine snow: small-scale processes with large- scale implications

Microbial stimulation of the aggregation process between submicron-sized particles and suspended particles in coastal waters

Organic Matter–Bacteria Interactions in Seawater

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